A Doll's House Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Doll's House Play - Essay Example It would also be discussed whether her decision to leave are justified or not. The Fisher girl costume that Nora wore in the play symbolizes the pretentious lifestyle that she was living as this was used to show that she was hiding under this costume. Italy as used in the play also symbolizes the false image that was portrayed by Nora. The macaroon that was eaten by Nora also showed Nora’s deceit to her husband. Nora was deceptive to her husband and she definitely hid her feelings from him and this was the symbolism of the Macaroon in the play. â€Å"Are you happy now? There - there - there - don't look like a frightened little dove - the whole thing's just sheer imagination. Now, you must rehearse your tarantella - with the tambourine. I'll go sit in the inner room and shut the doors, so you can make all the noise you like - I shan't hear a thing.† (Ibsen 190). The tarantella dance by Nora also suggests her unhappiness as a wife and a mother. This tarantella dance was used to show Nora’s struggle with life and her agitation with her husband. â€Å"Nora, darling, you're dancing as if your life depended on it!† (Ibsen 204). Evidence to show that Nora is unhappy with the life that she leads as a wife and mother was when she realized that she had been hiding under another person’s shadow and pretending to be what she was not. ... She was also not happy that, she had to secretly work in order to pay off her loan as it was illegal for a woman to procure a loan without the consent of her husband. These were signs that she was unhappy with the way she lived as a wife and a mother as she could no longer continue living like that. Nora was blackmailed by Krogstad and it was actually after this that readers would learn that she is unhappy. She then begins to consider her concept of freedom and decide within herself whether she was happy or not. It was at this point that the reader begins to discover that she was unhappy with the life she led as a wife to Torvald. Thus, it was clear that Nora was unhappy with the manner at which she had been made to cope with the orders and edicts of her husband. â€Å"Still it was tremendous fun sitting there working and earning money. It was almost like being a man.† (Ibsen 162) It was now clear that she wanted to break free from her familial obligations as she sought to pur sue her own ambitions. Nora made her decision to leave after coming to the sudden realization that she was living her father’s life. She discovered that her marriage was actually contracted in order to please her father and the dictates of the society. It was Nora’s realization of the truth about her life that influenced her decision to leave her husband; quit her marital status and abandon her children. She wanted to be independent and she was of the opinion that, being under a man that her heart was not right with would hinder her from really being the kind of independent woman she would have loved to be. â€Å"It's a sweet little bird, but it gets through a terrible amount of money. You wouldn't believe how much it costs a man when he's got a little song-bird like you!† (Ibsen

Properties Of Soil Including Density And Porosity Environmental Sciences Essay

Properties Of Soil Including Density And Porosity Environmental Sciences Essay Experiments were undertaken to obtain the bulk density, particle density, and soil porosity of four soil samples. Bulk density, particle density, and soil porosity are all interrelated terms. Density is the relationship between the mass (m) and volume (V) of a substance. . Based on this relationship, an object or substance that has high mass in relation to its size (or volume) also has a high density (D). Soil bulk density (Db) is a measure of the mass of soil per unit volume (solids + pore space) and is usually reported on an oven-dry basis. The particles that make up a soil have a specific particle density (Dp), which is defined as the mass of solid particles in a unit volume. This can be expressed as, . The particle density of a soil is not affected by particle size or arrangement; rather it depends on the type of solid particles present in the soils. Unlike the measurement of particle density, the bulk density measurement accounts for the spaces between the soil particles (pore s pace) as well as the soil solids. Soils with a high proportion of pore space have lower mass per unit volume, and therefore have low bulk density. A bulk density greater than 1.6 g cm-3 may indicate soil compaction, which means these soils have a low proportion of pore space and, therefore, low porosity. The bulk density indirectly provides a measure of the soil porosity which is the ratio of the volume of soil pores to the total soil volume. Clayey soils generally have an abundance of very small pores that give them a higher total porosity compared to sands, which are dominated by larger, but fewer pores. MATERIALS: 1. Core soil samples 2. Balance (0.1 g precision) 3. Flat-bladed knife 4. Veneer calliper 5. Disturbed soil samples 6. 100 ml measuring cylinder 7. De-aired water METHOD: The bulk density of the soil was calculated after following a series of steps. Firstly, excess soil from each of the disturbed soil sample was removed using a flat-bladed knife, ensuring that the bottom of the sample was flat and even with the edges of the ring. Excess material or roots penetrating from the sample was cut using a scissors. The dimensions of the core were then measured using a veneer calliper and the dimensions obtained were plugged into the formula Volume= à Ã¢â€š ¬ * radius 2* height to calculate the volume of the core. This value was then used to obtain the bulk density of the soil (Db = ). Afterwards, approximately 50g of soil was weighed out in a weigh dish for each soil sample and the soil weight was recorded to the nearest 0.1 g. e 50 cm of water was then poured into a 100 ml graduated cylinder and the previously weighed soil was added into the water in small increments. Air bubbles were eliminated by stirring with a rod and the final volume of the soil water suspension was read and the value was recorded. This value was then used to calculate the particle density of each soil sample (Dp = ). Using the measured densities the percentage soil porosity was calculated via the formula, 100-( Db / Dp * 100). Data was recorded and presented in a tabular format. RESULTS: SOIL SAMPLE HEIGHT OF CORE (cm) DIAMETER OF CORE (cm) VOLUME OF CORE SAMPLER (cm3) 1 5.548 5.36 125.2 2 3.862 5.58 94.5 3 4.889 5.858 131.8 4 4.798 5.384 109.2 FIGURE 1: TABLE SHOWING THE HEIGHT, DIAMETER AND VOLUME OF THE CORE SAMPLER FOR EACH SOIL SAMPLE. SOIL SAMPLE WEIGHT VOLUME (cm3) 1 319.6g 69 2 276.6g 69 3 273.2g 71 4 343.6g 70 TABLE SHOWING THE WEIGHT AND VOLUME OF THE FOUR SOIL SAMPLES. SOIL SAMPLE WEIGHT OF FIELD MOIST SOIL SAMPLE (g) WITH CORE WEIGHT OF DRY SOIL SAMPLE (g) WITH CORE WEIGHT OF CORE (g) WEIGHT OF DRY SOIL SAMPLE (g) (WEIGHT OF DRY SOIL WITHOUT CORE WEIGHT) 1 356.7 319.5 188.5 131 2 277.4 276.6 105.1 171.5 3 390.1 273.2 145.8 127.4 4 245.6 343.6 104.5 239.1 FIGURE 1: TABLE SHOWING WEIGHT OF FIELD MOIST SOIL SAMPLE AND OVEN DRY SOIL SAMPLE. SOIL SAMPLE WEIGHT OF SOIL SAMPLE (g) INITIAL VOLUME OF WATER (cm3) FINAL VOLUME OF WATER (cm3) VOLUME OF THE SOIL PARTCLES (cm3) 1 50.00 50 69 19 2 50.00 50 69 19 3 50.00 50 71 21 4 50.00 50 70 20 FIGURE 4: TABLE SHOWING WEIGHT OF SOIL SAMPLE, INITIAL VOLUME OF WATER, FINAL VOLUME OF WATER AND VOLUME OF SOIL PARTICLES. SOIL SAMPLE BULK DENSITY (g/cm-3) PARTICLE DENSITY (g/cm-3) SOIL POROSITY (%) 1 1.9 6.9 72.5 2 2.49 9.03 72.4 3 1.8 6.1 70.5 4 3.42 12 71.5 FIGURE 2: TABLE SHOWING THE BULK DENSITY, PARTICLE DENSITY AND SOIL POROSITY OF EACH SOIL SAMPLE. To calculate how many grams of soil are in a hectare plow layer: Depth = 15cm =0.15m Hectare = 10,000m2 Volume of HPL = Area of Hectare * Depth of plow = 10,000 * 0.15 = 1500m3 Db = 1.4g/cm3 = 1kg = 1000g à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ´1400kg=1400 ÃÆ'-1,000 = 1,400,000g Therefore, there are 1,400,000g of soil in a hectare plow layer. DISCUSSION: Soil porosity and bulk density are interrelated terms. Soil bulk density (Db) is a measure of the mass of soil per unit volume while soil porosity is the ratio of the volume of soil pores to the total soil volume. Bulk density (Db) is closely related to the soil porosity through the following relationship:. The bulk density indirectly provides a measure of the soil porosity (amount of pore space). The value obtained from the measurement of soil bulk density can be used to calculate pore space. For soils with the same particle density, the lower the bulk density, the higher the percent pore space or total porosity. Soil porosity values range from 0 to 1. Soils with a high bulk density have low total porosity because empty pores do not have any mass. When the bulk density is zero, porosity equals 1, meaning there are no particles. If the bulk density is equal to the particle density, then there are no pores and porosity is zero. Soil porosity can be affected by changes occurring in the soil. The porosity of the soil decreases in compacted subsoils and increases in well- aggregated, high organic matter surface soils. The values range from as low as 25% to more than 60% respectively. Soil management can also alter soil porosity values such that, cultivated soils tend to have a lower total pore space as a result of a decrease in organic matter content and a consequent lowering of granulation, in comparison to uncultivated soils. Bulk density and porosity are also affected by changes in soil texture. Fine-textured soils including clay, clay loam and silt loams typically have lower bulk densities as compared to sandy soils, due to the presence of pores between and within the granules. As a result, these fine-textured soils containing a high proportion of pore spaces to solids tend to have low bulk densities. Sandy soils, on the other hand, though larger in particle size have larger yet fewer pore spaces, resulting in a higher bulk density. In terms of porosity, fine-textured soils are very porous. This is because of the large amount of micropores in fine-textures soils which allow water to be held. These micropores prevent the water from being drained away and therefore, result in high total porosity. In contrast, sandy soils have less total porosity due to the relative absence or lack of fine, within-ped pores. This allows water to be drained away easily through the macropores present in sandy soils. Addition ally, bulk density and porosity are affected by changes in the size class of the soil particles. Bulk density is lower in sandy soils or well-sorted sand where the particles are generally of one size class whereas a mixture of different size particles (well-graded sand) will cause a high bulk density. In well-graded sand the smaller particles partially fill in the spaces between the larger particles causing a reduction in the pore spaces and a resultant increase in bulk density. Soil porosity, on the other hand, is decreased in well-graded sand as compared to well-sorted sand. Another factor impacting bulk density and porosity is compaction. Soil compaction refers to the disruption and reduction of the large pores within the soil. It can be caused in a variety of ways such as, the practice of poor agricultural practices, use of machinery on soil, etc. Compaction increases the mass in a given volume, which increases the measured bulk density. Bulk density increases because both the micropores and macropores in a soil are significantly reduced after compaction has taken place. Therefore, with the removal of these empty pores, the mass of soil increases in a given volume. With regards to porosity, compaction reduces the total pore spaces and hence, the total porosity. In conclusion, bulk density and porosity are two interrelated soil properties which are altered by various factors including soil texture, compaction and soil structure. Calculations into the bulk density and porosity were carried out. Some limitations presented were the fact that bulk density and porosity values would differ from place to place due to certain factors, for example, the level of compaction in an area. However, these figures can be useful in determining the crop yield of a soil.

The Fencing Problem - Math Coursework :: Math Coursework Mathematics

The Fencing Problem - Math The task -------- A farmer has exactly 1000m of fencing; with it she wishes to fence off a level area of land. She is not concerned about the shape of the plot but it must have perimeter of 1000m. What she does wish to do is to fence off the plot of land which contains the maximun area. Investigate the shape/s of the plot of land that have the maximum area. Solution -------- Firstly I will look at 3 common shapes. These will be: ------------------------------------------------------ [IMAGE] A regular triangle for this task will have the following area: 1/2 b x h 1000m / 3 - 333.33 333.33 / 2 = 166.66 333.33ÂÂ ² - 166.66ÂÂ ² = 83331.11 Square root of 83331.11 = 288.67 288.67 x 166.66 = 48112.52ÂÂ ² [IMAGE]A regular square for this task will have the following area: Each side = 250m 250m x 250m = 62500mÂÂ ² [IMAGE] A regular circle with a circumference of 1000m would give an area of: Pi x 2 x r = circumference Pi x 2 = circumference / r Circumference / (Pi x 2) = r Area = Pi x rÂÂ ² Area = Pi x (Circumference / (Pi x 2)) ÂÂ ² Pi x (1000m / (pi x 2)) ÂÂ ² = 79577.45mÂÂ ² I predict that for regular shapes the more sides the shape has the higher the area is. A circle has infinite sides in theory so I will expect this to be of the highest area. The above only tells us about regular shapes I still haven't worked out what the ideal shape is. Width (m) Length (m) Perimeter (m) Area (mÂÂ ²) 500 0 1000 0 490 10 1000 4900 480 20 1000 9600 470 30

Nursing concepts: competence, compassion, professionalism, Essay

Abstract There are different views on the concepts of nursing. Nurses can have the same views on nursing concepts as patients do with only slight difference. But overall the concepts of competence, professionalism, and compassion are viewed very similarly between the nurse and patient interviewed for this paper. Competence plays a key role in the quality of patient care. Compassion is a basis of nursing that expresses empathy towards patients, and professionalism can sometimes be based on behavior or values. Both nurse and the patient recognizes the need for these three concepts in the nursing field to better provide a better health care environment for both individuals. Introduction Nursing has four main concepts upon which it’s based open; client, health, environment, and nursing. Within these four basic concepts are a variety of nursing concepts ranging from ethics, religion, nurse’s role and many others. Though there is a long ongoing list, many of the concepts are viewed differently or similarly among nurses and patients. Upon reviewing the experience of a patient and a nurse, I have found both individuals had the common concepts of competence, professionalism, and compassion. The patient expresses the need for the nurse to be competent, professional, and compassionate. However the nurse’s experience demonstrates her compassionate attitude, professionalism and competency. Altogether both individuals recognize the importance of the three components in nursing care, as will be discussed further in the paper. Brief Analysis of Interviews E. J is currently an ER Nurse Educator who values being a competent nurse. Her typical work schedule involves making sure everyone in the ER is functioning at high competence levels. Competence in the viewpoint of E.J is having continuous knowledge, and an education to be an effective nurse. Patient J.A also views competence as an important aspect of nursing. She felt competency is apparent in the interaction between the patient and nurse and creates a lack of confidence and discomfort. However, for the patient being competent not only constitutes medical knowledge but also having experience both as a nurse and a patient as well. A competent nurse effectively creates a comfortable environment for the patient while caring for them physically is the approach taken by J.A. Moreover being culturally competent was also an important component from J.A’s substantial point of view. While being competent is important, both the nurse and patient responses revealed professionalism as another important concept in nursing. However the nurse appeared to have more concerns about a nurse’s professionalism than the patient. Maintaining practice expertise for the nurse also coincides with professionalism is one aspect perceived by E.J. J.A identifies being friendly, appropri ately addressing patients’ needs, and correctly performing tasks as characteristics of a professional. Both individuals recognized the need for professionalisms at the basic level but the nurse view point takes in consideration of ethical principles and required standards that nurses should have. Nurse Relation As both individuals describe what was rewarding or memorable about their experiences, a common concept noted was compassion. E.J exhibited compassion while J.A received compassion during her care. Through her responses, E.J views compassion as a willingness to go the extra-mile to help others and always have a willingness to help even when out of context. Similarly, J.A characterizes compassion as having empathy and truly caring about her well-being and outcome. It involves the nurse doing everything within her power to help the patient without being judgmental. For J.A, compassion is treating the patient in the same manner as the nurse would treat herself or her loved ones, if in the same situation. Overall, being competent, professional, and compassionate can have similar meanings to the nurse and the patient, with slight differences. As mentioned above, R.N. E.J.’s competency is primarily the education and knowledge obtained to successfully carry out nursing tasks. However in J.A’s point of view, competence is simply more than just academic education. The nurse is aware of the professional boundaries that the patient themselves may not be fully aware  of. For example the patient may perceive the friendliness as part of being a professional, while it might not full in line with the professional ethics of nursing. The importance of competence for the nurse is revealed when describing her daily tasks and role as a nurse educator. E.J states that daily tasks during his shift involves creating educational media, and assuring the staff in the ER department remains up to date on the many competencies required of the nurses such as consciousness sedation. He ensures the staff has the certifications necessary for the department. Making sure the nurse is knowledgeable and provides appropriate care for each patient is a key component. When describing the effects of being a nurse on her professional life, E.J recalls experiencing the death of a patient d uring her time as a pediatric nurse. E.J was caring for an infant 2 months old with a heart defect from birth, which whom was scheduled for surgery. However, on her next shift the once laughing baby became lifeless as the parents held the baby in their arms. Despite resuscitation efforts, the baby did not survive. E.J (Personal Communication, November 4, 2012) notes that often, â€Å"maintaining a level of professionalism is associated with not showing emotion around patients†, but in this scenario tears flowed down her cheeks and shared in the parents’ sorrow. For E.J (Personal Communication, November 4, 2012) â€Å"expressing that bit of emotion was a way of providing emotional support, and care which are components of professional nursing. E.J served in the military as a nurse and being able to travel coincides with compassion and use of her professionalism. On her account, the proudest she’s ever been about being a nurse was the ability to work with the humanity combat ER trauma unit. She traveled to Haiti with a reserve unit to treat and advise the citizens residing in the country’s capital Port- au-Prince. Despite knowing she would have to sleep in tents surrounded by poverty and leave her paying job, she was willing to step out of her comfort zone, and â€Å"lend a helping hand† to others in need. She states â€Å"every opportunity or chance she gets to take care of someone is a proud moment in her nursing career. E.J’s response demonstrates how the concept of compassion can and should in most cases be the driving force behind nursing care. Patient’s Relation Similar to the Nurse, the patient’s experience with the concepts were mostly  positive. After being involved in an auto mobile accident, J.A (Personal Communication, November 4, 2012) was admitted to the hospital and doctors â€Å"discovered I had a mitral-stenosis valve† and needed a valve replacement. Therefore she had to be admitted for open heart surgery. During her stay at the hospital, which lasted almost two weeks, J.A recalls the surgeon going over the procedures with her carefully. The surgeon and nurses made sure she was aware of her options, and knew what to expect with each course of action she decides to take. Patient’s description and passionate voice as she talks denotes that she trusted the nursing staff and surgeon’s judgment and had confident in them, for they displayed a good level of competency. Furthermore J.A shares how every morning the surgeon would come to her room to share news on her progress. Professionalism is being emphasize d as the patient recalls that the nurses really took priority in making sure she knew and understood what was going to take place. The health care team properly instilled veracity as part of what it means to be a professional nurse. Moreover, the nursing team was very friendly and valued her beliefs, as J.A is SDA (Seventh-Day Adventist) .She does not eat pork and one of the replacement valves offered was made with pig fat. The nurses that not withhold that information to her, but was made aware of it, so she was given the option to choose another valve made out of plastic. Also the nurses â€Å"were more than willing† to pray with her and cater to her spiritual needs even though they themselves may not have been spiritual. â€Å"Their openness to participate in my belief in God is one aspect that helped with my full recovery†, states J.A(Personal Communication, November 4, 2012). Lastly, J. A recounts a stressful situation in which she encountered while being under the care of nurses. Each night during her hospital stay the nurses would randomly awaken her to check her blood pressure. Also she noted that on one occasion the nurse was unable to locate her veins while trying to draw blood. The nurse continuously tapped her arm and stated, â€Å"You have very tiny veins†. This response shows the patient view of the nurses’ lack of professionalism and competency. Ending the interview, J.A describes what she believes characterize a good nurse. According to her, a good nurse listens to your ailments, and pays attention to what the patient says. When the nurse listens to the patient, it is important since it allows the patient to feel they are a factor in their recovery and feel more comfortable being in  the hospital environment. The nurse being able to accommodate the patient base on what they need physically, emotionally and spiritually, overall supports the idea of a nurse’s professionalism, competency and compassion from J.A’s view point. Competence Nursing Article The nursing article by Brazil K. et al focuses on the concept of competence used in care provided in long-term care homes for the elderly. It is a study to test knowledge and perceived competency among the RNs and a few LPNs as well. Lack of competence in skills such as pain management, advance care planning, care and adequate care has increased the death rate among older adults in the LTC homes (Brazil et al 2012, 77). Often this lack in competency is due to education in training of staff, and â€Å"absent communication problems among healthcare providers and family members†. The latter has resulted in bad â€Å"quality end-life care† (Brazil et al 2012, 77). The nurses were competent with coping skills of â€Å"dealing with death and dying but lack formal training in palliative care† (Brazil et al 2012, 77). This coincides with the same ideas present through the nurse educator E.J and patient J.A idea of competence. As here there is a need for continuous update of education to make sure that the nurses have current knowledge. Moreover the idea of needing cultural competence identified in the patient’s point of view is essential as well, for the nurses were not communicating successful with the relatives of the patient or the other healthcare providers. Being competent in communication skills is as import as competence in clinical skills. Though other factors acknowledged in the study, prove to contribute to difficulties in providing the necessary care, â€Å"staff competence in that field served as the major determinant in assuring quality care† (Brazil, Brink, Kaasalainen, Kelly, & McAiney, 2012, p. 79). Factors that affect or may influence â€Å"effectiveness of continuing education† to increase competency can also be important as discussed in the article (Brazil et al 2012, 79). Overall competency involves more than just one skill, and is often a major concept needed in all nurse weather Pediatric, emergency room, or home health care. However one must not overlook the fact that competency develops over time as more experience is gained. Competency also implies or portrays the importance of the concept of evidence-based nursing research, so that we can enhance the competency of  nurses with new and better applications. Demonstrating competency or excellence is also a function of professionalism. Professionalism Nursing Article According to this article there are two aspects of professionalism in, â€Å"value-based’ and â€Å"behavioral-based†, needed to â€Å"support values and ideals† (Castell 2008, p.13). Professionalism in Nursing Practice by Francesca Costell (2008) compares and contrast the different views based on the aforementioned aspects. The value basis is principles that underlie what it means to be nurses while the behavioral basis are the behaviors â€Å"one must exhibit to act professionally† (Castell 2008, p.17). She further divides value based into the categories of clinical competency (excellence), humanism, and altruism. Behavior-based was also divided into Service and ethical conduct. From behavioral stand point, castell believes that humanism is a component of professionalism because the â€Å"interaction is vital for guiding the medical profession† (2008, p.13). As E.J mentioned above, showing your human side shoes respect for the patient and â€Å" signals the worth of the individual human being and his or her belief and value system† (2008, p.13). Castell view on professionalism coincides with E. J point of view as both acknowledge the need to sometime show emotion to connect with patients. Castell’s incorporates a key aspect of professionalism, ethical conduct. An unethical clinical example mentioned is of a student nurses preparing to care for an elderly patient and the experienced nurses’ warned of his obnoxious behavior and rudeness. This was an unprofessional as Castell believes â€Å"this could have compromised the care the students gave†, as it â€Å"form pre-conceived ideas† into their minds and would now care for him based on those ideals (Castell 2008, p.15). J.A as well identified this key ethical component of professionalism for she believed the nurse should carry out the appropriate care that is mandated of her. In general the core idea of being professional is acting â€Å"with out being prejudice† and carrying out your duties as a nurse which can sometimes include displaying the humanistic side to provide efficient care. Compassion Nursing Article Exploring Compassion accredits Christianity with incorporating compassion into nursing care. Compassion in early nursing was from a Christian point of  view and then became part of contemporary nursing. According to Straughair (2012), A nurse’s strive to alleviate the suffering of the sick is through the use of compassion (161). Failing to provide compassionate nursing care is failing to meet the required professional standards. Evidence shows that lack of compassion results in poor quality care on the part of the patient, and indicates a â€Å"disregard for their dignity† (Straughair, 2012 p.162). A lack of compassion affects the quality of healthcare as a whole whether the nurse is clinically competent. Conclusion Though all three concepts are interdependent of each other they function together as a whole along with many other concepts make nursing or nurses a success. Being competence itself consists of many sub categories as it is important to be competent in many skills or aspects as a nurse and not simply one. Competency as discussed in the paper is more than knowledge or cognitive skills and encompasses culture, communication, and many others of the like. Likewise professionalism has two facades as it can be mediated by values or behavior in the nursing feel. Even though the nurse and patient may have had slightly different views for each concept, it all came together to form a basis idea. Furthermore being compassion is the basic framework of nursing as it is having the genuine care for someone and showing patients empathy. It is treating others as you would treat yourself. Caring for patients with compassion can have a lasting impact on patients in help in a speedy recovery. Implication It is important for me as I progress through my nursing practice to remember that my competency level has to reach beyond simply checking off assessment on a checklist, or a test. As I will come across patients or situations of different nature, culture and need to be able to use skills that will cater to the specific situation or need at any given time. Competency in one area neglects to fulfill the needs of the patient overall and decreases quality of care. The same principle can be applied to professionalism, as I have to know what action is appropriate for nursing professional at any given time. But also judge whether my professionalism should be based on value or behavioral. This choice will be made base on what’s best for the patient, me, as well as others involves safety and well-being at the time. References Brazil, K., Brink, P., Kaasalainen, S., Kelly, M., & McAiney, C. (2012). Knowledge and perceived competence among nurses caring for the dying in long-term care homes. International Journal Of Palliative Nursing, 18(2), 77-83. Castell, F. (2008). Professionalism in nursing practice. Nursing Journal, 1213-17. Catalano, J. T. (2012). Nursing now: today’s issues, tomorrow’s trends (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Co. Straughair, C. (2012). Exploring compassion: implications for contemporary nursing. Part 1. British Journal Of Nursing, 21(3), 160-164.

Hyundai Mission Statement and Goals Essay

I have chosen the Hyundai Company to work with during this course. When I was reviewing their mission statement I saw that they really commit themselves to a lot of accomplishments. Their mission statement is as follows: At Hyundai, we commit ourselves to the accomplishment of the following goals: * To give equal consideration and opportunity to all individuals seeking a partnership with us in securing a Hyundai dealership. We will continue to strive to become the premier franchise with the broadest minority representation possible. To provide equal opportunity to all suppliers and vendors seeking to do business with our company. Our selection of business partners will always be predicated upon our duty to provide our customers with safe, quality and affordable automobiles. * To continue to be committed to the philanthropic sharing of our profits to promote community development and improvement (focusing on the education and health of young people), protect our environment, and implement programs to improve understanding and respect within our society. To expand our brand image by committing funds and effort to communicate a clear and accurate portrayal of our products, services and company values to all of our customers, regardless of their demographic status. * To hire and retain an executive management and employee staff based on equal participation and opportunity for all, regardless of race, gender, age, national origin, religion, or any other legally protected characteristic. To solicit the advice and wise counsel of nationally recognized persons of achievement and character to assist us in fulfilling our goals. Hyundai mission statement acts as more than just a lot of words on a piece of paper. The mission statement is a vital tool that helps to keep everyone at Hyundai on the same page working towards the same goal. This mission statement also identifies Hyundai and how they are going to be able to meet the goals of their clientele. Hyundai mission statement was designed and inspired to assist with the internal efficiencies like commitment from the staff and loyalty by customers and vendors. The mission statement can be used to help redirect the company when and if needed once you ask yourself a few questions. 1. Where are we today? 2. Where do we wish to arrive, and when? 3. How do we get from here to there? Once these questions are answered they should go back to the mission statement and review what their goals were from the beginning and begin to set new goals to help get the company back on track. This will help them to begin to create some strategic planning. This will also help them find the internal strengths and weaknesses as well as the external opportunities and threats. If the mission statement does not assist with the goals and strategy planning they may need to revamp the mission statement to include the internal and external dimensions. Times change and with that being said sometimes what use to work may not work at this time so making changes may need to take place.

Discuss the extract Essays

Discuss the extract Essays Discuss the extract Essay Discuss the extract Essay Examine the passage beginning Yossarian looked at him and ending with if hes got flies in his eyes (p52). Discuss the extract, examining the issues it raises and how Heller treats them here and elsewhere in the novel. In Orwells prophetic Nineteen Eighty Four, OBrien presents an anti-realist perspective on truth and mankinds understanding of reality. His claim to dictate truth1 by defining it verbally, impinging upon Winstons interpretation of events, is suggestive of a certain pliability to truth.3851This philosophy of subjectivism is similarly directly relevant to Catch 22 that, while set in history, is significantly set on an island that could obviously not accommodate all of the actions2. Both the incredulity of many arguments in the novel, and its imprecise, ephemeral setting concur with the notion that events represent a microcosm of the modern world. Furthermore, as in Nineteen Eighty-Four, they also demonstrate an anti-realist approach to truth that inevitably leads to the manipulation of logic, a manipulation that is encapsulated in the elusive form of Catch 22.This transcendent quality to both events and logic permeates the narrative and is perhaps clearest in the erratic structure of the novel. In adopting this Heller seeks to make the text reflect the events that are portrayed within it. The shift between Yossarian discussing Catch 22 with Doc Daneeka and the catch 22 situation of the flies Orr saw in Applebys eyes* exemplifies this seemingly random development of the plot, with different strands of the novel only being revealed in a haphazard fashion..Similarly, the change in diction and syntax within the extract from Yossarian seeming simplistic and inquisit ive, to the ambiguity of spinning reasonableness, seems to seek to confuse. In the explanation of catch 22, the narrative becomes distinctly convoluted and, at times verbose, perhaps therefore reflecting the illogicality and confusion generated by that which it seeks to explain. G. Hicks reflects that the disjointed chronology means that the reader becomes a little dizzy and this aligns the reader with the disjointed nature of the soldiers lives.Moreover, while the majority of chapters begin by orderly focusing on their namesake, this structure soon degenerates in a pattern that, crucially, is recurrent until the final few chapters. Not only does this narrative style seem consistent and indeed indicative of the seeming illogicality of characters such as Orr, and events such as his practice crash landings, the dramatic change to chronological prose in the later chapters directly reflects the climax of depravity that is portrayed at that stage, in the night that was filled with horror s3.In the same way as the consistently unstable structure of the narrative and syntax, (of that illustrated in the extract) is suddenly changed in Chapter 39, so too does Yossarians perspective alter as the novel develops. The juxtaposition of his respectful whistle? with his later cursing for there was no object or text to rip to shreds, trample upon or burn up4 acutely emphasises Yossarians appeal for an objective morality in a world determined by the subjective logic of Catch 22.This sense of horror is directly derived from the fact that initially Yossarian saw the catch in terms of its perfect pairs of parts*, as a clever intellectual trick, it is at this stage ephemeral and distant in its elliptical precision. Here the diction is ambiguous and yet scientific, as perhaps the reflection upon its spinning reasonableness illustrates best. This oxymoron is applicable here because the catch is approached in an intellectual and not practical way.The conjunction with the nonsensical fl ies in Applebys eyes further detaches the cause, Catch 22, from the effect that is described so vividly later in the novel. This initial conversation about the catch, the narrative of which contains no information about the physical location of the characters, contrasts sharply with the rich description of physical characteristics of Rome where insipid mist lay swollen the air5. Instead of alluding to the catchs value as an ideal like good modern art*, the later similes graphically describe tomblike streets, and yellow bulbs that sizzled in the dampness like wet torches6.This dramatic shift to a narrative that is crudely littered with adjectives, can be seen as representative of the physical effect of Catch 22 so that nothing warped seemed bizarre any more. It is here that shocking* gritty realism eclipses the graceful intellectualism that is catch 22. This shift does initially seem sudden, however if read closely, the extract does perhaps subtly allude to this. Yossarians admirati on for the perfect pair of parts highlights the catch as a clever intellectual trick that is effective, rather as in Nineteen Eighty Four, because people believe that it exists.This alliteration delivers the catch as a device employed with little care for the individual human by conveying a sense of scientific precision. It is this sterile and scientific aspect of Catch 22 that Yossarian admires and, by doing so, reveals its vacuous nature as merely trick of logic. This point is further reinforced by the immediate discussion of the flies in Applebys eyes. While the statement is clearly ludicrous, its internal consistency means that it cannot be wholly dismissed, therefore acting as a parody to satirise the possible manipulation of logic that is equally evident in the previous discussion of Catch 22.Yossarians subsequent reflection that it made as much sense as anything else7, can perhaps be seen as a further ironic indictment of the similar faults of both examples within the extract , rather the apathy that it initially appears to connote. While both in the extract and novel the pliability of logic is highlighted, the primary medium for this exposi? is through outlining falsehood in the war. It is here that the critique becomes truly satirical.The use of Catch 22 to suppress the men attempting to evade duty reflects the manipulative nature of figures such as Cathcart, however the analysis of Appleby reveals lines that are more poignant. Throughout the novel Appleby both believes in and represents the American Way of Life8. Names, perhaps epitomised by the fact that Major Major is indeed a Major, are very much representative of the character. Rather as Dickenss characters are almost caricatured by names such as Gradgrind and Uriah Heap being indicative of their actions, so too can Appleby be seen as having overtones of a simple American.This in turn sharply contrasts with the Assyrian name of Yossarian that is perhaps suggestive of his stronger awareness of pers onal concerns and safety. This point has particular relevance when seen in conjunction with Orrs questioning of Applebys sense and logically in that how can he see hes got flies in his eyes if hes got flies in his eyes? * While the complexity of the sentence mirrors the actual nonsensical nature of the conversation, it can also be seen to allude to the blinding influence of patriotism, highlighting the fact that it is perhaps as illogical as the arguments of Yossarian that the Army seeks to dismiss.While the manipulation of logic by the Army to form Catch 22 does overtly criticise the mechanisms of war, it would be wrong to suggest the novel explicitly attacks War de facto. The novel was seized upon for its anti war slant during the Vietnam war, however to view it as solely serving this purpose is but a naive appreciation of the text. Aspects of war are directly satirised, as through Milos immoral capitalist opportunism. This is as a result of the exposi? of other vices such as immo rality and in particular, the abuse of logic.Catch 22 is not a stereotypical novel that goes from the sublime to the ridiculous but instead illustrates abuses of logic by employing the ridiculous. Heller achieves this, as with the flies in Applebys eyes, by taking metaphors to the level of hyperbolic absurdities to exemplify the manipulation of logic that is Catch 22. The text is littered with such examples, exemplifying the process that leads to Yossarians eventual confrontation of the realities in the night that was filled with horrors in Rome.R. Kelly.Bibliography Catch 22 Corgi Press (1955) Heller, Joseph Seiden, Melvin. The Hero and His War. The Nation, (1961) Hicks, Granville. Medals for Madness. Saturday Review, (1961) Karl, F. R. , American Fictions (1983) Orwell, George Nineteen Eighty Four (1992) Atwood, Margaret The Handmaids Tale, Vintage(1996) Dickens, Charles Little Dorrit, Penguin Books (1981) 1 1984, p. 2 Prologue to Catch 22 3 435 ? Quotes from extract will be den oted by * 4 p. 432 5 p. 432 6 p. 435 7 p. 55.

Germanium Facts (Atomic Number 32 or Ge)

Germanium Facts (Atomic Number 32 or Ge) Gemanium is a shiny grayish-white metalloid with a metallic appearance. The element is best known for its use in semiconductors. Here is a collection of useful and interesting germanium element facts. Germanium  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 32 Symbol: Ge Atomic Weight: 72.61 Discovery: Clemens Winkler 1886 (Germany) Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p2 Word Origin: Latin Germania: Germany Properties: Germanium has a melting point of 937.4 °C, boiling point of 2830 °C, specific gravity of 5.323 (25 ° C), with valences of 2 and 4. In pure form, the element is a grayish white metalloid. It is crystalline and brittle and retains its luster in air. Germanium and its oxide are transparent to infrared light. Uses: Germanium is an important semiconductor material. It is commonly doped with arsenic or gallium at the level of one part per 1010 for electronics. Germanium is also used as an alloying agent, a catalyst, and as a phosphor for fluorescent lamps. The element and its oxide are used in highly sensitive infrared detectors and other optical devices. The high index of refraction and dispersion of germanium oxide has led to its use in glasses for use in microscope and camera lenses. Organic germanium compounds have a relatively low toxicity to mammals, but are lethal to certain bacteria, giving these compounds potential medical importance. Sources: Germanium may be separated from metals by fractional distillation of volatile germanium tetrachloride, which is then hydrolyzed to yield GeO2. The dioxide is reduced with hydrogen to give the element. Zone refining techniques allow for the production of ultra-pure germanium. Germanium is found in argyrodite (a sulfide of germanium and silver), in germanite (composed of about 8% of the element), in coal, in zinc ores, and other minerals. The element may be commercially prepared from the flue dusts of smelters processing zinc ores or from the by-products of the combustion of certain coals. Element Classification: Semimetallic  (Metalloid) Germanium Physical Data Density (g/cc): 5.323 Melting Point (K): 1210.6 Boiling Point (K): 3103 Appearance: grayish-white metal Isotopes: There are 30 known isotopes of germanium ranging from Ge-60 to Ge-89. There are five stable isotopes: Ge-70 (20.37% abundance), Ge-72 (27.31% abundance), Ge-73 (7.76% abundance), Ge-74 (36.73% abundance) and Ge-76 (7.83% abundance). Atomic Radius (pm): 137 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 13.6 Covalent Radius (pm): 122 Ionic Radius: 53 (4e) 73 (2e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.322 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 36.8 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 328 Debye Temperature (K): 360.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 2.01 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 760.0 Oxidation States: 4 is the most common. 1, 2 and -4 exist but are rare. Lattice Structure: Diagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 5.660 CAS Registry Number: 7440-56-4 Germanium Trivia Winklers original name for germanium was Neptunium. Like germanium, the planet Neptune had recently been discovered from predictions from mathematical data.The discovery of germanium filled a spot predicted by Mendeleevs periodic table. Germanium took the place of the placeholder element eka-silicon.Mendeleev predicted eka-silicons physical properties based on its position in the periodic table. He said its atomic mass would be 72.64 (real value: 72.61), density would be 5.5 g/cm3 (real value: 5.32 g/cm3), high melting point (real value: 1210.6 K) and would have a gray appearance (real appearance: grayish-white). The closeness of germaniums physical properties to predicted values of eka-silicon were important to confirm Mendeleevs theories of periodicity.There was little use for germanium prior to the discovery of its semiconductor properties after World War II. Germanium production went from a few hundred kilograms per year to a hundred metric tonnes a year.Early semiconductor compo nents were mostly made from germanium until ultra-pure silicon became available commercially in the late 1950s. The oxide of germanium (GeO2) is sometimes called germania. It is widely used in optical equipment and fiber optics. It is also used as a catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate or PET plastic. Germanium Fast Facts Element Name: GermaniumElement Symbol: GeAtomic Number: 32Atomic Weight: 72.6308Appearance: Grayish-white hard solid with a metallic lusterGroup: Group 14 (Carbon Group)Period: Period 4Discovery: Clemens Winkler (1886) Sources Gerber, G. B.; Là ©onard, A. (1997). Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of germanium compounds. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 387 (3): 141–146. doi:10.1016/S1383-5742(97)00034-3Frenzel, Max; Ketris, Marina P.; Gutzmer, Jens (2013-12-29). On the geological availability of germanium. Mineralium Deposita. 49 (4): 471–486. doi:10.1007/s00126-013-0506-zWeast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.Winkler, Clemens (1887). Germanium, Ge, a New Nonmetal Element. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (in German). 19 (1): 210–211. doi:10.1002/cber.18860190156

The Solution to Factory Farming

The Solution to Factory Farming The cruelty of factory farming is well-documented, but what is the solution? Go vegan. Cant we continue eating meat and other animal products and just treat the animals humanely? No, for two reasons: According to Animal Equality  over fifty-six  billion land animals are killed for human consumption every year worldwide. This number doesnt include sea creatures.   Humans eat far too many animals and animal products for the animals to all live on idyllic rambling farms, making humane farming almost impossible to achieve. A single battery hen building can hold over 100,000 hens in cages stacked on top of each other. How many square miles of land would be required to humanely raise 100,000 chickens so that they can establish separate flocks with their own pecking orders? Now multiply that number by 3,000, because there are 300 million egg-laying hens in the US, approximately one per person. And thats just the egg-laying chickens.Most importantly, no matter how well the animals are treated, subjugating animals for meat, milk and egg production is antithetical to animal rights.    Shouldnt we reduce suffering where we can? Yes, we can reduce some suffering by eliminating certain practices in certain areas, but this will not solve the problem. As explained above, we cannot humanely raise nine billion animals. Going vegan is the only solution. Also, keep in mind that some meat, eggs and dairy products are misleadingly marketed as humane but offer only marginal improvements over traditional factory farming. These animals are not raised humanely if they are in larger cages, or are taken out of cages only to live in overcrowded barns. And humane slaughter is an oxymoron. What about recent strides in the industry to reduce animal suffering? In his new book The Humane Economy, Animal Protection 2.0, How Innovators and enlightened consumers are transforming the Lives of Animals, author and animal-rights leader Wayne Pacelle writes about how the demand for change in how the animal farming community does business is having very identifiable changes. People who learn about factory farming are becoming more enlightened, and as they do so, producers must meet their demands. We saw this happen with the veal industry. Pacelle writes: From 1944 to the late 1980s, American per capita consumption of veal dropped from 8.6 pounds to just 0.3 pounds. When people learned about the cruelty of the veal business, they knew the moral price they paid was higher than the actual price of that restaurant meal. When we know better, we do better. In May 2015, the Humane Society of the United States was in negotiations with Walmart, the worlds largest retailer of food, to stop buying their eggs and chickens from farmers who would not voluntarily lose the battery cages. Those producers who did remove the batter cages were the new suppliers, so others had to go on board or be put out of business. This caused Walmart to release a declaration stating: There is growing public interest in how food is produced and consumers have questions about whether current practices match their values and expectations about the well-being of farm animals. Animal science plays a central role in guiding these practices , but does not always provide clear direction. Increasingly, animal welfare decisions are being considered through a combination of science and ethics. This may sound encouraging, but not all applaud the HSUSs efforts to make animals raised for slaughter more comfortable while awaiting their fate. One reason is as mentioned above:  no matter how well the animals are treated, subjugating animals for meat, milk and egg production is antithetical to animal rights. The other reason is if we make factory farming to appear humane, less people will feel the need to explore vegan options. Their moral and ethical reasons for doing so are seemingly moot. Cant I just go vegetarian? Going vegetarian is a great step, but consuming eggs and dairy still causes the suffering and deaths of animals, even on small family farms where the animals roam freely. When egg-laying hens or dairy cows are too old to be profitable, they are slaughtered for their meat, which is generally considered low quality and used for processed meat products. Male layer chickens are considered worthless because they do not lay eggs and do not have enough muscle to be useful as meat chickens, so they are killed as infants. While still alive, male chicks are ground up for animal feed or fertilizer. Male diary cattle are also considered useless because they do not give milk, and are slaughtered for veal while still very young. Going vegan is the only solution.

Report on authoritative sources in accounting Essay

Report on authoritative sources in accounting - Essay Example Report on authoritative sources in accounting This paper gives a report on a variety of influential accountancy sources. Among the four source genres, professional associations often stand out as the most credible and authoritative sources of information on accountancy (Katz, Graduate School of Business Website, 2013). This comes as a result of these associations offering membership to several professionals in the accounting field. In addition, these set professional and ethical standards required of all the individuals in the field of accountancy. Professional associations involve themselves in enlightening members through seminars, conferences and workshops. Moreover, many of these associations produce publications such as scholarly journals and periodicals. Therefore it becomes evident that even though all genres serve as credible sources of information on accounting, professional associations stand out more. Professional Association The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) is a professional association for Certified Public Accountants all over the world (Associations Unlimited). This renowned and accredited association stands out as an authoritative source of information on accounting due to various reasons. According to Associations Unlimited, the AICPA began in 1887. Having existed for such a long period of time makes the association credible, since a record of the association’s activity for all those years prove its authority above other associations whose life spun is shorter. Moreover, the AIPCA boasts of its large membership of certified accountants within the United States and other territories (Association Unlimited). This proves that AICPA hosts a very diverse group of associates. The diversity in the association enhances the authority and credibility of the association as a major player in the field of accountancy. The AICPA serves as a body that sets auditing and reporting standards in accountancy (Anton, Associations Unlimited). This task sees the body as a pace setter in accountancy (Katz, Graduate School of Business Website, 2013). In addition, Associations Unlimited lists AIPCA as the publisher of publications such as The CPA Letter and the Tax Adviser. All this evidence shows the credibility of AICPA as a major source of information in the field of accountancy. Standard Setting Board The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) stands as an authority in accountancy. According to Investopedia (2013), the FASB is a board of seven members consisting of accounting professionals who set financial accounting and reporting standards. The FASB finds its history running back to 1973, the board’s founding year (Associations Unlimited). This long duration of existence accredits it as an authoritative source in accounting. Associations Unlimited also provides that the board sets accounting standards for the private sector especially businesses and non-profit organizations. This displays the board’s command on many businesses and or ganizations hence its authority. In addition, the board comprises great professionals in the accounting field (Associations Unlimited). This confirirms the credibility of the board members. According to the Bloomsberg Businessweek (2013), the chairperson of the FASB is Ms. Leslie F. Seidman. She is an acclaimed

Saint Thomas Aquinas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Saint Thomas Aquinas - Essay Example It follows a cycle-God, God's creation, Man, Man's purpose, Christ, the Sacraments, and back to God. He delves into the various concepts of divinity and explains it with logical and simple reasoning. No wonder it has often been consulted and cited in case of religious discussions and debates over the ages. Since this essay forms a part of our Theory of Rights course, let us digress a bit and try to understand the background of this essay. A 'right' can be defined as a special advantage for obtaining a liberty, a power, an entitlement, or an immunity that someone gains because of his or her particular status. The general notion of right applies in both legal and moral contexts. It was the famous English philosopher Thomas Hobbes who introduced the English term 'right' into political philosophy with his interpretation of ius naturale as 'right of nature'. As he mentions in the chapter 14 of Leviathan: The right of nature is the liberty each man has to use his own power as he will himself, for the preservation of his own nature, that is to say, of his own life, and consequently of doing anything which, in his own judgment and reason, he shall conceive to be the aptest means thereunto. John Locke and William Paley also offered their significant contributions towards the body of work of the theory of rights. John Locke also an English philosopher argues that God created people free and equal in the state of nature. Unlike Hobbes, who supported the theory of natural reason and natural law, Locke proposes the theory of natural right. He further said that as such in this condition, no one is naturally sovereign over anyone else. William Paley, a British divine, best remembered for his watchmaker analogy on the other hand says that rights are either natural or adventitious and that its distinction here rests on whether rights are created by society or not. It is in this background that we shall endeavour to comprehend St Thomas's views on law and its specific relation with reason. Coming back now to St Thomas, it is also in Summa Theologica that St Thomas talks about the various aspects of law and the role of justice in human community, his basic premise being that law essentially pertains to reason. It is much later in the Summa Theologica that Thomas turns to the problem of law. His skilful treatment of the subject throws light into the coherence of his thought and his confidence in the ability of reason to guide us in making ethical decisions. The Greek philosopher Aristotle was perhaps one of the first few great masters who portrayed and analysed the intent behind man's actions in their writing and tried to give it a lucid form through a well-structured approach. According to Aristotle, the first principle of all activity is reason. It is through reason that we reach an end to any problem or discussion. St Thomas too concurs with Aristotle in this basic premise. Let us now examine in depth St Thomas's ideas

Healthcare Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthcare Research - Essay Example Summation of the finding of multiple qualitative studies with a focus on a particular evidence produces new interpretations of the qualitative research finding yet remains faithful to the philosophical, theoretical, or conceptual frameworks associated with the original research design (Kent & Overholt, 2008). There is growing acceptance of the value of this type of study and its contribution to qualitative research. Qualitative research itself can make great contributions to improving health care though evidence based information. With the evolving nature of research at this time, meta-synthesis shows major generalisable reality which a single study cannot. In contrast, grounded theory is done the opposite of the usual kind of research. Grounded theory starts with the problem, and in healthcare, this may likely be the method of use (Waldrop, & Kirkendall, 2009). An example might be that a particular ICU is having trouble with ventilator pneumonia. In grounded theory, that is the problem, increased numbers of ventilator pneumonia in the ICU. The next thing to do is to research what the evidence shows should be done to solve the problem.

Will the next generation have a higher or lower standard of living How Essay

Will the next generation have a higher or lower standard of living How and why - Essay Example Predicting the U.S.’s standard of living in the future is therefore based on the past and its current standard of living. However, prior to anticipating what to come in the future, it is also important to know how exactly to evaluate the standard of living of a nation in general. This is also emphasized in the paper. In Western Nations particularly in the United States, the standard of living is moving to an upward spiral trend. It is quite simple to believe on this. However, there must be enough bases prior to believing on this. It is good to consider how exactly to measure standard of living. Household income and expenditures per capita plus own production can be essential yardsticks for measuring standard of living; however such should be included with health, life expectancy, literacy, and access to public goods or common property resources (World Bank, par. 5). Mostly, all of these yardsticks for the standard of living are commonly used in measuring the country’s standard of living. A country with high household income and expenditure but receiving poor health system, can be considered having poor quality of living. In the same way, a higher literacy rate does not necessarily imply that the country has high quality of living. In fact, even if there is higher literacy rate, but the li fe expectancy rate is shorter, then there must be an implication that there is an existing poor quality of living. Even though it is not a perfect measure of the cost of living, price index can also try to gauge the cost of living (Mankiw, 298). There are many noted disadvantages about price index and this only implies that it cannot be the best tool to gauge the existing standard of living of the country. However, because of some of its important economic implications, at some point there is remarkably significant connection between price index and

Article Critique_Shoe Selection in Safe Light-Industrial Jobs Essay

Article Critique_Shoe Selection in Safe Light-Industrial Jobs - Essay Example It is a requirement for every worker to use necessary protective equipment properly and at all times in the work place. A light industry that involves numerous workers to attain the high number of products should stress the employer’s responsibility to avoid potential injuries in the workplace. Employers should follow the necessary guidelines and standards provided by certain agency such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Hazard assessment is done by identifying the physical and health hazards in every workplace which stand as the first critical step in developing a comprehensive safety and health program. Another factor is choosing the appropriate personal protective equipment for the workers who are the main concern in the industrial job. Right selection of shoe will help to minimize workplace injuries thus, increasing their work productivity. The need for the right shoes is essential for individual’s safety and proper support and comfort. Foot and leg injuries were often due to improper shoe selection and poor knowledge on how to select shoes according to the nature of work. Important outline were made to assist workers in light-industrial job in choosing the right shoe particularly in using a heavy-duty leather shoes. The primary idea to consider is to always measure feet before selecting new shoes because feet may change in size over time due to activities that stretches feet and also due to aging. Next, measure feet while standing because standing for long period of time can stretch feet thus, selecting slightly larger shoes can help minimize foot pain later on. Always measure both feet also then select shoes that fit the larger foot if there is slight discrepancy on both size of feet. It is significant as well to buy shoes late in the afternoon for the reason that feet stretch regularly during the course of the day. Upon purchasing, it is a must to spend a few minutes walking while wearing both shoes to make a

Why do some protest groups use violence in the context of collective Essay - 1

Why do some protest groups use violence in the context of collective action - Essay Example Social change may render certain social groups to flourish or become powerful, and politically relevant; nevertheless, the availability of political opportunities does not automatically and immediately yield to heightened protest (Tarrow 1998, p.16). Collective action mainly focuses wholly on the behaviour and/or the authenticity of certain individuals. Collective identity draws from the recognition and the establishment of connectedness, which heralds a sense of common purpose and commitment to a certain cause. Social protests performances mainly emerge from marginalized peoples and oppositional struggles, whereby individuals utilize protests to counter hegemonic strategic via which underrepresented groups challenge the dominant social order and source of change. The representational apparatus provided by social protests serves to reinforce, re-articulate, and re-imagine the objectives of both social and political resistance (Oliver 1993, p.271). Traditional explanations to why indi viduals engage in political violence emphasize that deprivation, characteristically in the form of economic inequality generates grievances and discontent that trigger rebellion and social revolution (McCarthy and Zald 1977, p.1212). The paper explores why some protest groups utilize violence within the context of collective action. Background The contentious politics that were prominent in the 1960s and early 1970s heralded fresh energy to a subject that, for an extended period, has dominated scholarly and political legitimacy. In the 1970s, two prominent paradigms emerged from the welter of studies triggered by the disorderly politics of the 1960s, namely: the resource mobilization (RM) approach to social movement organizations within the US and the new social movement (NSM) approach within Western Europe (Thompson 1971, p.76). Historically, breakdown theory was the dominant theory that guided sociological study of collective action; nevertheless, this theory as deemed to be incre asingly incapable of accounting for the contemporaneous events (Useem 1998, p.215; Aminzade et al. 2001, p.12). Resource mobilization theory replaced breakdown theory as the dominant paradigm. Both resource mobilization and breakdown theories explain diverse forms of phenomena, and both are pertinent in helping account for the full range of forms of collective action (Goodwin and Jasper 2009, p.10). Use of Violence in the Context of Collective Action Collective action represents actions by group members directed at enhancing the conditions of the group as a unit such as petitions, demonstrations, riots, boycotts, and sit-ins. There are numerous explanations to collective action such as relative deprivation, intergroup, social identity, intergroup emotion, and resource mobilization theories. Classical theories indicate that people mostly protests to express their grievances emanating from frustration, relative deprivation, or perceived injustice. Scholars of social movements have hig hlighted that efficacy, opportunities, and resources can be utilized to predict protest participation (Tilly 2008, p.8). Politics within networks enhance efficacy and transform individual grievances into shared grievances and group-based anger that yields protest participation. At the heart of social movement phenomena is the protest event, whereby protest events are in numerous ways the front line of action within social movements. It is essential to recognize that social protests represent a collective action that is not synonymous with collective behaviours such as riots. Collection

Article Critique_Shoe Selection in Safe Light-Industrial Jobs Essay

Article Critique_Shoe Selection in Safe Light-Industrial Jobs - Essay Example It is a requirement for every worker to use necessary protective equipment properly and at all times in the work place. A light industry that involves numerous workers to attain the high number of products should stress the employer’s responsibility to avoid potential injuries in the workplace. Employers should follow the necessary guidelines and standards provided by certain agency such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Hazard assessment is done by identifying the physical and health hazards in every workplace which stand as the first critical step in developing a comprehensive safety and health program. Another factor is choosing the appropriate personal protective equipment for the workers who are the main concern in the industrial job. Right selection of shoe will help to minimize workplace injuries thus, increasing their work productivity. The need for the right shoes is essential for individual’s safety and proper support and comfort. Foot and leg injuries were often due to improper shoe selection and poor knowledge on how to select shoes according to the nature of work. Important outline were made to assist workers in light-industrial job in choosing the right shoe particularly in using a heavy-duty leather shoes. The primary idea to consider is to always measure feet before selecting new shoes because feet may change in size over time due to activities that stretches feet and also due to aging. Next, measure feet while standing because standing for long period of time can stretch feet thus, selecting slightly larger shoes can help minimize foot pain later on. Always measure both feet also then select shoes that fit the larger foot if there is slight discrepancy on both size of feet. It is significant as well to buy shoes late in the afternoon for the reason that feet stretch regularly during the course of the day. Upon purchasing, it is a must to spend a few minutes walking while wearing both shoes to make a

British Fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

British Fiction - Essay Example Both of them are distinctive, and in many ways ground-breaking plays written by playwrights who are , in their way, regarded as quintessentially 'English' or 'British' in nature: if such as thing as British literature exists, it would be found within their work. First of all is there such a thing as "being British" At the most basic level "being British" would be someone who is born, raised or who hold British nationality. In this case both Pinter and Stoppard meet this crude "British" definition. Being British is also essentially an idea rather than a reality. It can be seen as adherence to a number of supposed national norms that the British display. Eccentricity, independence, an indomitable nature, reserve, politeness, intelligence, genius, empire, arrogance are all characteristics which can be said to be 'British', and thus it can be seen to be a number of often contradictory things. 'Contradiction' is one of the hallmarks of Absurdist Theatre and thus it is apt that The Caretaker is one of the first works of drama to be written within the genre called The Theatre of the Absurd. What can be said to be particularly 'English' about this work. ... mixture of threat, comedy, hopelessness and an ironic commentary upon working class lives that are based often upon endless combative exchanges of words. The characters make fun of their situations in a manner that is both vaguely threatening and funny. For example, Mick gives an exaggerated description of what the hopelessly run-down house could be: MICK: We could turn this place into a penthouse. For instance this room. This room could have been the kitchen. Right size, nice window, sun comes in. I'd have I'd have teal-blue, copper and parchment linoleum squares. I'd have those colours re-echoed in the walls. I'd offset the kitchen units with charcoal-grey worktops. Plenty of room for cupboards for the crockery. We'd have a small wall cupboard, a large wall cupboard, a corner wall cupboard with revolving shelves. You shouldn't be short of cupboards. You could put the dining-room across the landing, see Yes. Venetian blinds on the window, cork floor, cork tiles. You could have an off-white pile linen rug, a table in... in afromosia teak veneer, sideboard with matte black drawers, armchairs in oatmeal tweed, a beech frame settee with a woven sea-grass seat... (sits up) it wouldn't be a flat it'd be a palace. (Pinter, 1998) Mick is making fun of his brother's (as well as the tramp's) ridiculous plans for the house, and goes from the reasonable to the absurd in his descriptions. Take the description of the cupboard, which soon turns into a "large wall cupboard" and then on to the absurdly ambitious "cupboard with revolving shelves" (Pinter, 1998). Pinter is also commenting upon the pretentious of the English middle-class, and those such as his brother and new 'caretaker' who would want to be one of them. The details of this pretension, seething with sarcasm as they

The Sapir Whorf Hypothesis

The Sapir Whorf Hypothesis Sapir argued that : We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir 1958 [1929], p. 69). Looking at the statement above, that inferred that thoughts and behavior are mostly influenced by language. From this statement, first we have to look back the root of the language itself. Saussure (Saussure, 1966, pp. 7 9) wrote a question about how to define a language, and gave an answer to this as social product of the faculty of speech and a collection of necessary conventions that have been adopted by a social body to permit individuals to exercise that faculty. From his writing, it is clear that language is a part of internalization of a community, and including the function itself as a communication media. So, it is clear that words, sentence, and eventually language act as a bridge for the interaction of the human in a community. Another question that arise in this is that in which community can we use a language. We can say that the community is a form of interaction between language, culture, and mind. Language is a fundamental form of the culture, and vice versa. After looking at the definition of the language itself, we can go back to the hypothesis from Sapir. How far can we understand different interpretation of an object and how we communicate its definition with the world. It comes to the conclusion of the need of interpretation of communication and culture. So we have to do a reverse thinking about the definition of a culture, community, and the socio activities that human can use inside it. Take a case of the community that I belong to. A study community in Germany, that the people inside it use a same language, which is German. How a person can interact with the solid community that use a same language, and how a person could blend into this community. Some difficulties will eventually arise, because of the background from different communities that is forced to be merged into one bowl that we call an education port. Different people from different cultures want to fit in this bowl, and expected to share a same vision, which is eventu ally to get a degree. Back to the definition of a community : A community is a collection of people (or animals) who interact together with the same environment, and it exist everywhere in the nature. From people to penguins, monkeys to meerkats. Grouping is a touch of simplicity as a means of describing community (Bacon, 2009, p. 4). From the previous definitions, we can say that language is an important part of building a culture and community. What if the language differ in a community, would the translation of a language will become a problem, and would the different interpretation because the difference of language would build different interpretation and feels of an occasion that occurred? Rumana Quazi, from Media Culture and Mind class of RWTH-Aachen, mentioned that Sapirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s hypothesis is to some extent correct. She said that it would probably correct for some cases only. She think that Sapirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s hypothesis would be correct, but if it is implemented on the previous years when the hypothesis was created. It is not relevant if it is implemented now. I also agree to her opinion. Thomas L. Friedman wrote about his opinion about three different term of globalization, 1.0, in which countries and governments were the main protagonists, the globalization 2.0, in which multinational companie s led the way in driving global integration, and eventually globalization 3.0, the era of convergence (Friedman, 2005). If the need of communication between different cultural people is not possible as Sapir had said, which is in fact is easily enabled by the high speed data transfer communication, how come the development of the world itself nowadays goes exponentially. Nowadays, because of the introduction of Internet and personal computer, we can talk to people in different time, different language with a very small delays. We indeed can still deliver the message although the difference of the language itself. With technologies, we can even have an online dictionaries that we can easily carry everyday. So if we have a difficulty in expressing our idea, we can use these online dictionaries. However, I also think that for some particular objects and occasion, we cannot use the translation. For instance, Sharad, also from the Media Culture and Mind class, give an example of the nami ng of a specific year that only exist in India. He thinks that he cannot translate it, so he has to give a direct definition for this without doing any translation of it. Sharad think that the difference of language does not give any problems to the communication as long as there is a bridge between these two languages. He mentioned an example of the most popular language in the world, which is English. If the speaker is fluent, they can still express particular things and to share the same thoughts. This is the case of Sharad, who I think also used English in his daily live in India. Nevertheless, this language bridge still give a big hole for me, because I come from Indonesia. The Indonesian people only use Indonesian language everyday, and English (or even German) are only popular for those who have a proper education. So for me, the language bridge is not fully build, because of the fluency level that differs between one country and another. So in my opinion, Sapir is not fully correct in observing this problem. To this extent, we can say that indeed Sapirs hypothesis can only be implemented in some things. Now for the view of realities that construct the language. So what if the problem of differences in the language can be solved by using a bridge language, like English. According to Sapir-Whorf, language is an integral part of human, and language shape a humans way of thinking (sloan.stanford.edu). I could not fully agree with this statement, because we have to realize that the way we think is not fully determined by language, or vice-versa, but instead, it influence each other. Take an example of different interpretation of language itself, and eventually how people interpret the meaning behind the words. For instance, the Germans have different meaning for ein Freund von mir and mein Freund. If we translate this word by word to other language, such as English, both have the same meaning, which is my friend. However, this is actually different meaning. It is used in different context, on e for our couple, and the other is just regular friend. In Indonesia, we use different verb to describe this condition. If we see also the context of culture itself, we would have different interpretation of sentences. For instance, once I had an experience using different language (in this case German) to get a package in post office. After thinking that I have done all procedure, I took the package on the table. However, the lady which was in charge on me, suddenly said nicht so schnell! which means in English not so fast. This is for some reason , I considered as rude because in my culture, people donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸t say not so fast but instead please wait for a moment. Different language make different interpretation and meaning. This is support Sapirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s hypothesis, because the way that she speak, does not support the way I perceive because of the difference in language. This question also asked by Anna Wierzbicka, who found out the relation between emotion and cult ure (Wierzbicka, 1992). Emotion is a point that support by Sapirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s hypothesis. Anna Wierzbicka also mentioned an example from Australian Aborigin language, Gidjingali, that does not distinguish à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾fearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾shameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸. Obviouslly, in different cultures and different societies, people talk with different ways. If we observe these differences, we can take the value which is kept inside a specific community, that has different social-values. However, of course that there are some ways of expressing emotions that is cross-cultural, and we can express exactly our feeling in other language. This is showing a minor flaw of Sapirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s hypothesis. According to Donald Davidson, the utility of referring to meanings of an expression e that we expressed by using e1 will make an ambiguous definition. To focus on the the mind as the representation of language, we have to think whether thoughts is relevance with language. Devitt and Sterelny think that thoughts is a form of Inner representations (Devitt Sterelny, 1999). If language is a form of thought, how can we define the thoughts itself. Does that mean, that children who started to speak several words, or even some people who have difficulties in articulating the words does not have the same way of perceiving reality? Does that mean that they do not have a normal way of expressing thoughts and also to express their inner self? I think that is true. If we look back again to the words of Devitt and Sterelny, that thoughts is a form of inner representations, it makes a simple relationship between thoughts and perception. The reason for this is that because a person having a difficu lty in expressing the words, that means that the brain also having a difficulty to work optimally. In other word, the way these people perceive reality is not the same like the normal people. For example, some people who is diagnosed with slow learning ability, that means that for specific stage, they could not understand the definitions of words and sentences, and also eventually, perceiving reality. Still according to Devitt and Sterelny, who use the term of :Mentalese, a person tends to translate Mentalese into English and they understands English by doing the reverse. So Sapir should have taken into account how the brain works. How the brain consider of how different language would effect the meaning of an entity (object or occasion). This opinion is also proved by Aubrey L. Gilbert, Terry Regier, Paul Kay, and Richard B. Ivry, who did an experiment and conclude that Whorf hypothesis is supported in the right visual field but not the left. Another point that I want to share rega rding the language and the brain, according to Rumana Quazi, who contradict with the basic idea of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, think that language is just a small part of mean that drive our thoughts. In this case, she thinks that language can be achieved by a process, and procedures. I agree with her idea, especially after she gave a brilliant example for an infant who still not learned to talk. Indeed, as the time goes by, a children could learn to talk, and they do a process of thinking to achieve the goal, which is talking. Again, this is a minor flaw of Saphirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s hypothesis, that a person could point out one by one. The relations between culture, language, and societies is very complicated, because these things bond one and another. So as conclusion, we can say that there is a strong connection between language, culture, and societies. These relations occurred in a long period of time, and it occurred not just two ways, but multiple ways. Saphir theorem is not fully correct for todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s societies, because of the technologies and other languages that solve the communication problems, although we have to admit that for some specific objects and also for some specific occations Saphirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s hypothesis still occurres. 4

R.C. Sherriffs Journeys End :: R. C. Sherriff Journeys End Essays

R.C. Sherriff's Journey's End Set on the Western Front, ‘Journey’s End’ is based on R C Sherriff’s experiences as an Officer in the trenches of the First World War. It was the first war play to look at the reality of the day to day life of soldiers. Prior to ‘Journey’s End’, plays either demonised the enemy, and focused on deeds of heroism, or preached the futility of war. This play was one of a number of literary works, produced about 10 years after the end of the war, which showed the horror of war by looking at the mens’ day to day lives. These included ‘Undertones of War’ by Edmund Blunden, ‘Goodbye to All That’ by Robert Graves, ‘All Quiet on The Western Front’ by Remarque, ‘Her Privates We’ by Frederic Manning and ‘Memoirs of an Infantry Officer by Siegfried Sassoon. In a ‘Journey’s End’, the horror of war is often shown in the subtext, of the soldiers conversations, not by the direct actions of the men. Although in the first instance it was rejected by theatre managers, the play went on to strike a chord with the public and had a two year run in London. They responded to the play because it showed them, for the first time, the fear and squalor that the men faced continually and how they dealt with it. Extract 1 (Pages 1-4) gives the audience the opportunity to understand the terrible conditions in which the characters lived. The characters engage in sarcastic banter as they can not afford to give into their true feelings towards the situation. Everyone does what they can to keep each others spirits up. The Director would need to enhance the horror of the mens’ situation in the way that he sets the stage. The setting is a dug out in a trench during World War I. A depressing mood and claustrophobic atmosphere needs to be created by this set and the lighting. The beds, table and stalls need to be on top of each other, rotten wood, the occasional sound of dripping water and a muddy floor are essential. Bottles, glasses and papers need to be piled high on the small table. The dugout should be poorly lit, by a candle or oil lamp. The sky, visible through the door, needs to be bright. The contrast between light and dark represents the soldiers’ confinement versus the world that they knew before the war. If the characters had the choice they would not talk about death and squalor, however it is the stuff of their daily lives. They get around talking about the subject but using light hearted banter.

A Comparison of Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress and Thomas Hardys

A Comparison of Andrew Marvell's To His Coy Mistress and Thomas Hardy's The Ruined Maid In this essay I will look at the two poems, explore what the poems are about, look at the language and images used in them by the writers and then compare the two. "The ruined maid" by Thomas Hardy is a conversation between two women; "Melia", the ruined maid herself and another lady, her friend of whom she used to know when she lived in need. Melia's friend brings up all different points about Melia that have changed, for example the way she looks, 'now you've gay bracelets' and acts, 'you'd sigh and you'd sock' but Melia just says a few simple words in reply. 'To his coy mistress' by Andrew Marvell is a one sided argument and is about a man trying to persuade his mistress to lose her virginity with him before her looks and beauty start to go, as she gets older. He tries to persuade her to have sex with him by using flattery, humour and frightening, almost blackmailing her by describing different shocking images. Hardy writes 'The ruined maid' in an unusual way, one of which is not usually heard of, he writes it as if it was an actual informal conversation between two women. He creates this by using various amounts of punctuation; he uses speech marks throughout the poem, uses dashes to separate the two different people?s speech, and uses question marks, explanation marks and further speech marks in all the appropriate places, which all help to give the effect of the conversation happening, from the first line to the last and encourages the reader to think of it more as a dialogue when reading it. 'Your talking quite fits 'ee for high compa-ny!'- ?Some polish is gained with one?s ruin,? said she? is an e... ...gh it is obvious that she does not want to, as she would have known that it wasn?t the best thing to do, that her marital status would have been in ruins, her reputation in tatters. However in ?The ruined maid? Melia had already have had sex and although her old life and the only way she knew was gone, she had gained a much better one, where although she is no longer of any marital value, she appears (unless it is just a cover) to be more polished and seems happier in general life. If you look at it in one way, ?The ruined maid? could be what could happen to the mistress in ?To his coy mistress?. It could be what happens to her if she goes through with the man?s proposal so in conclusion, although the poems tell the tales of two different stories, they could easily be part of the same one, where ?The ruined maid? follows on from ?To his coy mistress?. A Comparison of Andrew Marvell's To His Coy Mistress and Thomas Hardy's A Comparison of Andrew Marvell's To His Coy Mistress and Thomas Hardy's The Ruined Maid In this essay I will look at the two poems, explore what the poems are about, look at the language and images used in them by the writers and then compare the two. "The ruined maid" by Thomas Hardy is a conversation between two women; "Melia", the ruined maid herself and another lady, her friend of whom she used to know when she lived in need. Melia's friend brings up all different points about Melia that have changed, for example the way she looks, 'now you've gay bracelets' and acts, 'you'd sigh and you'd sock' but Melia just says a few simple words in reply. 'To his coy mistress' by Andrew Marvell is a one sided argument and is about a man trying to persuade his mistress to lose her virginity with him before her looks and beauty start to go, as she gets older. He tries to persuade her to have sex with him by using flattery, humour and frightening, almost blackmailing her by describing different shocking images. Hardy writes 'The ruined maid' in an unusual way, one of which is not usually heard of, he writes it as if it was an actual informal conversation between two women. He creates this by using various amounts of punctuation; he uses speech marks throughout the poem, uses dashes to separate the two different people?s speech, and uses question marks, explanation marks and further speech marks in all the appropriate places, which all help to give the effect of the conversation happening, from the first line to the last and encourages the reader to think of it more as a dialogue when reading it. 'Your talking quite fits 'ee for high compa-ny!'- ?Some polish is gained with one?s ruin,? said she? is an e... ...gh it is obvious that she does not want to, as she would have known that it wasn?t the best thing to do, that her marital status would have been in ruins, her reputation in tatters. However in ?The ruined maid? Melia had already have had sex and although her old life and the only way she knew was gone, she had gained a much better one, where although she is no longer of any marital value, she appears (unless it is just a cover) to be more polished and seems happier in general life. If you look at it in one way, ?The ruined maid? could be what could happen to the mistress in ?To his coy mistress?. It could be what happens to her if she goes through with the man?s proposal so in conclusion, although the poems tell the tales of two different stories, they could easily be part of the same one, where ?The ruined maid? follows on from ?To his coy mistress?.

BraÑn Іnjury аnd Memory

Ð  brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury, Ð °lso cÐ °lled heÐ °d Ã'â€"njury or trÐ °umÐ °tÃ'â€"c brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury refers to Ð °n Ã'â€"njury where there Ã'â€"s dÐ °mÐ °ge to the brÐ °Ã'â€"n becÐ °use of Ð °n externÐ °l blow to the heÐ °d. Ð  â€Å"brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury† or â€Å"closed heÐ °d Ã'â€"njury† occurs when there Ã'â€"s Ð ° blow to the heÐ °d Ð °s Ã'â€"n Ð ° motor vehÃ'â€"cle Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent or Ð ° fÐ °ll. It Ã'â€"s the most common type of trÐ °umÐ °tÃ'â€"c brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury. However, other brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njurÃ'â€"es, such Ð °s those cÐ °used by Ã'â€"nsuffÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"ent oxygen, poÃ'â€"sonÃ'â€"ng, or Ã'â€"nfectÃ'â€"on, cÐ °n cÐ °use sÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"lÐ °r defÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"ts Іn Ð °ny cÐ °se, the skull hÃ'â€"ts Ð ° stÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °ry object Ð °nd the brÐ °Ã'â€"n, whÃ'â€"ch Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"nsÃ'â€"de the skull, turns Ð °nd twÃ'â€"sts on Ã'â€"ts Ð °xÃ'â€"s (the brÐ °Ã'â€"n stem), cÐ °usÃ'â€"ng locÐ °lÃ'â€"zed or wÃ'â€"despreÐ ° d dÐ °mÐ °ge.Ð lso, the brÐ °Ã'â€"n, Ð ° soft mÐ °ss surrounded by fluÃ'â€"d thÐ °t Ð °llows Ã'â€"t to â€Å"floÐ °t,† mÐ °y rebound Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst the skull resultÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n further dÐ °mÐ °ge (Anderson and Moore, 1995). TrÐ °umÐ °tÃ'â€"c brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury (TBІ) cÐ °n sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °ntly Ð °ffect mÐ °ny cognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ve, physÃ'â€"cÐ °l, Ð °nd psychologÃ'â€"cÐ °l skÃ'â€"lls. PhysÃ'â€"cÐ °l defÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"t cÐ °n Ã'â€"nclude Ð °mbulÐ °tÃ'â€"on, bÐ °lÐ °nce, coordÃ'â€"nÐ °tÃ'â€"on, fÃ'â€"ne motor skÃ'â€"lls, strength, Ð °nd endurÐ °nce. CognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ve defÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"ts of lÐ °nguÐ °ge Ð °nd communÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"on, Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on processÃ'â€"ng, memory, Ð °nd perceptuÐ °l skÃ'â€"lls Ð °re common. PsychologÃ'â€"cÐ °l stÐ °tus Ã'â€"s Ð °lso often Ð °ltered.Ð djustment to dÃ'â€"sÐ °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty Ã'â€"ssues Ð °re frequently encountered by people wÃ'â€"th TBІ. MÃ'â€"ld TrÐ °umÐ °tÃ'â€"c BrÐ °Ã'â €"n Іnjury (MTBІ) Ã'â€"s chÐ °rÐ °cterÃ'â€"zed by one or more of the followÃ'â€"ng symptoms: Ð ° brÃ'â€"ef loss of conscÃ'â€"ousness, loss of memory Ã'â€"mmedÃ'â€"Ð °tely before or Ð °fter the Ã'â€"njury, Ð °ny Ð °lterÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n mentÐ °l stÐ °te Ð °t the tÃ'â€"me of the Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent, or focÐ °l neurologÃ'â€"cÐ °l defÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"ts. Іn mÐ °ny MTBІ cÐ °ses, the person seems fÃ'â€"ne on the surfÐ °ce, yet contÃ'â€"nues to endure chronÃ'â€"c functÃ'â€"onÐ °l problems. Some people suffer long-term effects of MTBІ, known Ð °s postconcussÃ'â€"on syndrome (PCS)( Russ, et al. 1993).People sufferÃ'â€"ng from PCS cÐ °n experÃ'â€"ence sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt chÐ °nges Ã'â€"n cognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on Ð °nd personÐ °lÃ'â€"ty. Most trÐ °umÐ °tÃ'â€"c brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njurÃ'â€"es result Ã'â€"n wÃ'â€"despreÐ °d dÐ °mÐ °ge to the brÐ °Ã'â€"n becÐ °use the brÐ °Ã'â€"n rÃ'â€"cochets Ã'â€"nsÃ'â€"de the skull durÃ'â€"ng the Ã'â€"mpÐ °ct of Ð °n Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent. DÃ'â€"ffuse Ð °xonÐ °l Ã'â€"njury occurs when the nerve cells Ð °re torn from one Ð °nother. LocÐ °lÃ'â€"zed dÐ °mÐ °ge Ð °lso occurs when the brÐ °Ã'â€"n bounces Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst the skull. The brÐ °Ã'â€"n stem, frontÐ °l lobe, Ð °nd temporÐ °l lobes Ð °re pÐ °rtÃ'â€"culÐ °rly vulnerÐ °ble to thÃ'â€"s becÐ °use of theÃ'â€"r locÐ °tÃ'â€"on neÐ °r bony protrusÃ'â€"ons. The brÐ °Ã'â€"n stem Ã'â€"s locÐ °ted Ð °t the bÐ °se of the brÐ °Ã'â€"n.Ð sÃ'â€"de from regulÐ °tÃ'â€"ng bÐ °sÃ'â€"c Ð °rousÐ °l Ð °nd regulÐ °tory functÃ'â€"ons, the brÐ °Ã'â€"n stem Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"nvolved Ã'â€"n Ð °ttentÃ'â€"on Ð °nd short-term memory. TrÐ °umÐ ° in thÃ'â€"s Ð °reÐ ° cÐ °n leÐ °d to dÃ'â€"sorÃ'â€"entÐ °tÃ'â€"on, frustrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, Ð °nd Ð °nger. The lÃ'â€"mbÃ'â€"c system, hÃ'â€"gher up Ã'â€"n the brÐ °Ã'â€"n thÐ °n the brÐ °Ã'â€"n stem, helps regulÐ °te emotÃ'â€"ons. Connected to the lÃ'â€"mbÃ'â€"c system Ð °re the temporÐ °l lobes whà 'â€"ch Ð °re Ã'â€"nvolved Ã'â€"n mÐ °ny cognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ve skÃ'â€"lls such Ð °s memory Ð °nd lÐ °nguÐ °ge. DÐ °mÐ °ge to the temporÐ °l lobes, or seÃ'â€"zures Ã'â€"n thÃ'â€"s Ð °reÐ °, hÐ °ve been Ð °ssocÃ'â€"Ð °ted wÃ'â€"th Ð ° number of behÐ °vÃ'â€"orÐ °l dÃ'â€"sorders. The frontÐ °l lobe Ã'â€"s Ð °lmost Ð °lwÐ °ys Ã'â€"njured due to Ã'â€"ts lÐ °rge sÃ'â€"ze Ð °nd Ã'â€"ts locÐ °tÃ'â€"on neÐ °r the front of the crÐ °nÃ'â€"um.The frontÐ °l lobe Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"nvolved Ã'â€"n mÐ °ny cognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ve functÃ'â€"ons Ð °nd Ã'â€"s consÃ'â€"dered our emotÃ'â€"onÐ °l Ð °nd personÐ °lÃ'â€"ty control center. DÐ °mÐ °ge to thÃ'â€"s Ð °reÐ ° cÐ °n result Ã'â€"n decreÐ °sed judgement Ð °nd Ã'â€"ncreÐ °sed Ã'â€"mpulsÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ty. BrÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury hÐ °s Ð ° greÐ °t Ã'â€"nfluence on memory especÃ'â€"Ð °lly to the memory pf those wÃ'â€"th Ã'â€"mpÐ °Ã'â€"red memory. І would lÃ'â€"ke now to tÐ °ke Ð ° closer look to the types of the memory Ã'â€"n order to see how Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s connected wÃ'â€"th brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury. Ð s Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s known Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on goÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nto the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"s processed Ð °t severÐ °l stÐ °ges. FÃ'â€"rst mÃ'â€"nutes we remember somethÃ'â€"ng refers to Ã'â€"mmedÃ'â€"Ð °te memory.Іt Ã'â€"ncludes brÃ'â€"efly sÐ °ve Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on thÐ °t wÃ'â€"ll be not needed Ã'â€"n Ð ° short perÃ'â€"od Ð °fter Ã'â€"t wÐ °s receÃ'â€"ved. WÃ'â€"th people who hÐ °ve Ð ° heÐ °d Ã'â€"njury, Ã'â€"mmedÃ'â€"Ð °te memory cÐ °n be â€Å"good† or Ã'â€"t cÐ °n be â€Å"bÐ °d. † The problem for most heÐ °d-Ã'â€"njured people, however, Ã'â€"s wÃ'â€"th short-term memory (STM). ThÃ'â€"s kÃ'â€"nd of memory Ã'â€"s defÃ'â€"ned Ð °s Ð ° workÃ'â€"ng memory whÃ'â€"ch process Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on from the sensory regÃ'â€"sters (Charles G. Morris and Albert A. Maisto). Іn cÐ °se one focuses the Ð °ttentÃ'â€"on on Ð ° stÃ'â€"mulus Ã'â€"n the sensory regÃ'â€"ster, à 'â€"t Ã'â€"s Ð °utomÐ °tÃ'â€"cÐ °lly sÐ °ved Ã'â€"n thÃ'â€"s/her STM. STM lÐ °sts untÃ'â€"l the new Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s stored Ð °nd tÐ °kes Ð ° plÐ °ce of the old one.Some of the Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on thÐ °t went through the STM wÃ'â€"ll dÃ'â€"sÐ °ppeÐ °r Ð °nd some wÃ'â€"ll be converted to your log-term memory (LTM). StudÃ'â€"es suggest thÐ °t STM cÐ °n hold Ð °bout Ð °s much Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ð °s cÐ °n be repeÐ °ted or reheÐ °rsed Ã'â€"n 1. 5 to 2 seconds. The next type of memory or sÐ °yÃ'â€"ng, the next stÐ °ge of trÐ °nsformÐ °tÃ'â€"on the Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s the Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on thÐ °t we recÐ °ll Ð °fter Ð ° dÐ °y, Ð ° week or yeÐ °r. Іt refers to Ð ° Long-term memory (LTM). LTM hÐ °s Ð ° quite dÃ'â€"fferent cÐ °pÐ °cÃ'â€"ty thÐ °n STM. ІnformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s not stored for Ð ° short perÃ'â€"od, but cÐ °n be stored for mÐ °ny yeÐ °rs.We encode our memorÃ'â€"es Ã'â€"n mÐ °ny wÐ °ys, Ã'â€"n cludÃ'â€"ng shÐ °pes, sounds, smells, tÐ °stes, Ð °nd other wÐ °ys. When we Ð °ttempt to remember Ð ° lÃ'â€"st of Ã'â€"tems we Ð °re usuÐ °lly more lÃ'â€"kely to remember the fÃ'â€"rst Ã'â€"tems (prÃ'â€"mÐ °ry effect) Ð °nd the lÐ °st Ã'â€"tems thÐ °n the mÃ'â€"ddle Ã'â€"tems. ThÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"s cÐ °lled the serÃ'â€"Ð °l posÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on effect. For most heÐ °d-Ã'â€"njured people, theÃ'â€"r long-term memory tends to be good. Ð fter one get Ð ° heÐ °d Ã'â€"njury, short-term memory Ã'â€"sn't workÃ'â€"ng, so Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on hÐ °s Ð ° hÐ °rd tÃ'â€"me gettÃ'â€"ng to long-term memory. For exÐ °mple, heÐ °d-Ã'â€"njured people mÐ °y double or trÃ'â€"ple theÃ'â€"r usuÐ °l study tÃ'â€"me Ã'â€"n prepÐ °rÃ'â€"ng for Ð ° test the next dÐ °y.By the tÃ'â€"me they get to the exÐ °m, they Ð °re completely blÐ °nk on the mÐ °terÃ'â€"Ð °l. The lÃ'â€"ttle events of the dÐ °y Ð °re sometÃ'â€"mes forgotten, mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng lÃ'â€"fe â€Å"fly by† when the one l ooks bÐ °ck Ð °t events thÐ °t hÐ °ve hÐ °ppened sÃ'â€"nce the Ã'â€"njury. When speÐ °kÃ'â€"ng of brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury Ð °nd memory Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"mportÐ °nt to mentÃ'â€"on two common thÃ'â€"ngs thÐ °t hÐ °ppen wÃ'â€"th people wÃ'â€"th heÐ °d Ã'â€"njurÃ'â€"es: retrogrÐ °de Ð °nd Ð °nterÃ'â€"or grÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð °. Ð mnesÃ'â€"Ð ° meÐ °ns you lost Ð ° memory thÐ °t you once hÐ °d. Іt's Ð °s Ã'â€"f someone hÐ °s erÐ °sed pÐ °rt of your pÐ °st. RetrogrÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð ° meÐ °ns you hÐ °ve lost memorÃ'â€"es for events PRІOR to the Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent.For some people, retrogrÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð ° cÐ °n cover just Ð ° mÃ'â€"nute or even Ð ° few seconds. Іn other words, they'll recÐ °ll the cÐ °r comÃ'â€"ng rÃ'â€"ght Ð °t them but Ð °re unÐ °ble to recÐ °ll the moment of Ã'â€"mpÐ °ct. For other people, retrogrÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð ° mÐ °y Ð °ffect longer perÃ'â€"ods of tÃ'â€"me. The lÐ °st three or four hours prÃ'â€"or to the Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent Ð °re gone. І hÐ °d one Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °l who hÐ °d lost the lÐ °st yeÐ °r of hÃ'â€"s lÃ'â€"fe. Ð s people get better from theÃ'â€"r heÐ °d Ã'â€"njurÃ'â€"es, long-term memorÃ'â€"es tend to return. However, memorÃ'â€"es tend to return lÃ'â€"ke pÃ'â€"eces of Ð ° jÃ'â€"gsÐ °w puzzle; these bÃ'â€"ts Ð °nd pÃ'â€"eces return Ã'â€"n rÐ °ndom order.Іn generÐ °l, the smÐ °ller the degree of retrogrÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð °, the less sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt the heÐ °d Ã'â€"njury Ã'â€"s (Spreen et al. , 1995). Ð nother form of memory loss Ã'â€"s cÐ °lled Ð °nterÃ'â€"or grÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð °. Іn thÃ'â€"s cÐ °se, events FOLLOWІNG the Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent hÐ °ve been erÐ °sed. Ð  good pÐ °rt of thÐ °t Ã'â€"s due to the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury Ã'â€"tself. Complex systems Ã'â€"n the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ð °re Ã'â€"njured. The chemÃ'â€"cÐ °l bÐ °lÐ °nce Ã'â€"n the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"s upset. Ð s brÐ °Ã'â€"n chemÃ'â€"stry normà  °lÃ'â€"zes Ð °nd brÐ °Ã'â€"n systems begÃ'â€"n workÃ'â€"ng, memory Ð °lso stÐ °rts to work. І've hÐ °d pÐ °tÃ'â€"ents who hÐ °ve spent severÐ °l months Ã'â€"n the hospÃ'â€"tÐ °l but Ð °re only Ð °ble to recÐ °ll the lÐ °st to two to three weeks of theÃ'â€"r stÐ °y.There Ð °re reÐ °sons why the STM does not work Ã'â€"n those who hÐ °ve brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury. The reÐ °son lÃ'â€"es Ã'â€"n the wÐ °y the brÐ °Ã'â€"n works. Ð s we know the Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on flows Ã'â€"n through the mÃ'â€"ddle of our brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ð °nd brÐ °nches out lÃ'â€"ke Ð ° tree. Before thÐ °t Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on goes to dÃ'â€"fferent Ð °reÐ °s, Ã'â€"t goes through Ð ° chÐ °nnelÃ'â€"ng/fÃ'â€"lterÃ'â€"ng system. Іt's Ð °lmost lÃ'â€"ke Ð ° mÐ °Ã'â€"l room–thÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on goes Ã'â€"nto thÃ'â€"s box, Ð °nd thÐ °t letter goes Ã'â€"nto thÐ °t box. When the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"njured, these mÃ'â€"ddle Ð °reÐ °s get pressed upon becÐ °use of swellÃ'â€"ng (pressure pushes down on the brÐ °Ã'â€"n). The mÃ'â€"ddle sectÃ'â€"ons of the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ð °re Ð °lso restÃ'â€"ng on the bone of the skull.BecÐ °use of forwÐ °rd Ð °nd bÐ °ckwÐ °rd movement of the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"n Ð °n Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent, they get sheered or torn. Ð  problem develops when there Ã'â€"s Ð ° lÐ °rge flow of Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on comÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n whÃ'â€"ch the brÐ °Ã'â€"n cÐ °n't process, or when Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s not beÃ'â€"ng sent to the rÃ'â€"ght plÐ °ce. So the mÐ °Ã'â€"l room of the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"s not doÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"ts job. There Ã'â€"s Ð °lso Ð ° second type of memory problem. Once Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s stored Ã'â€"n the brÐ °Ã'â€"n, the brÐ °Ã'â€"n hÐ °s Ð ° hÐ °rd tÃ'â€"me fÃ'â€"ndÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"t. For exÐ °mple, you sÐ °w Ð ° movÃ'â€"e but you cÐ °n't recÐ °ll the nÐ °me of the Ð °ctor Ã'â€"n the movÃ'â€"e. You cÐ °n vÃ'â€"suÐ °lÃ'â€"ze who the Ð °ctor Ã'â€"s, but cÐ °n't come up wÃ'â €"th hÃ'â€"s nÐ °me.People typÃ'â€"cÐ °lly descrÃ'â€"be Ð ° â€Å"tÃ'â€"p of the tongue† type of thÃ'â€"ng–â€Å"І know whÐ °t І wÐ °nt to sÐ °y but І just cÐ °n't get Ã'â€"t out†. Іt’s Ð °lmost Ð °s Ã'â€"f the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"s sÐ °yÃ'â€"ng, â€Å"seÐ °rchÃ'â€"ng, seÐ °rchÃ'â€"ng† Ð °nd not fÃ'â€"ndÃ'â€"ng. SeverÐ °l mÃ'â€"nutes lÐ °ter, Ã'â€"t just comes to you. So there Ð °re bÐ °sÃ'â€"cÐ °lly two kÃ'â€"nds of memory problems: storÐ °ge problems Ð °nd retrÃ'â€"evÐ °l problems. Іn conclusÃ'â€"on І would lÃ'â€"ke to sÐ °y thÐ °t Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s very Ã'â€"mportÐ °nt to Ã'â€"mprove the memory Ð °nd mÐ °ke regulÐ °r exercÃ'â€"se whÃ'â€"ch wÃ'â€"ll contrÃ'â€"bute to thÃ'â€"s process. The known fÐ °ct Ã'â€"s thÐ °t people use theÃ'â€"r memory not to the fullest extent Ð °nd not even to the hÐ °lf of theÃ'â€"r rememberÃ'â€"ng Ð °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"es.Bibliography: 1. Ashley MJ. Traumatic brain injur y rehabilitation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1995. 2. Anderson, V. & Moore, C. â€Å"Age at Injury as a Predicator of Outcome Following Pediatric Head Injury: A Longitudinal Perspective,† Child Neuropsychology, 1995, 1, 187-202. 3. Charles G. Morris and Albert A. Maisto. â€Å"Understanding Psychology†. 4. Russ, R. M. , et al. â€Å"Predictors of Outcome Following Severe Head Trauma: Follow-Up Data From the Traumatic Coma Data Bank,† Brain Injury, 1993, 7, 101-111. 5. Spreen, O. ; Risser, A. & Edgell, D. Developmental Neuropsychology, Oxford University Press, 1995.