John Collier and the Indian New Deal Essay -- American History

John Collier and the Indian New DealAt the beginning of the twentieth century, indwelling American culture was on the edge of extinction. Indians were at the bottom of the economic ladder. They had the lowest life expectancy tramp, the highest infant mortality rate, the highest suicide rate and the highest rate of alcoholism than any other group in America. The Meriam Report of 1928, an 872-page study, laid the blame at the foot of the federal Government. When President Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office 1933, a series of major reforms were implemented that would later come to be known as the Indian New Deal. An important chapter in contemporary Native American history was about to begin. This essay will outline the major elements of the Indian New Deal and examine its achievements, failures and criticism.A critical analysis of the Indian New Deal would not be complete without a brief history of its progenitor, John Collier. His career started in 1907 as a social actor with the Peoples Institute in New York City. During his time with the institute, Collier developed a social ideology based on the preservation of pagan traditions and communal life. In 1920, he found himself among the Pueblo tribe of New Mexico. Collier became enchanted with their sense of community, believing it to be an affirmation of his views on social policy. From this time period on, he was at the forefront of the Indian reform movement. In 1923, Collier and other reformers founded the American Indian Defense Association, an organization committed to ending refine allotment and preserving Native American culture. At the request of Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, President Roosevelt selected Collier to oversee the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Immedia... ...7.William T. Hagan, American Indians ( lolly University of Chicago Press, 1993) 176.Vine Deloria, Jr. ed., American Indian Policy in the Twentieth Century (Norman University of Oklahoma Press 1985) 43.Vine Deloria, Jr. and Clifford M. Lytle, American Indians, American Justice (Austin University of Texas Press, 1983) 99.Emma R. Gross, Contemporary Federal Policy Towards American Indians (New York Greenwood Press 1989) 20.U.S. Congress, Committee on Indian Affairs, Hearings on H.R. 7781 Indian Conditions and Affairs, 74th Congress, 1st Session, 1935, p.744.Terry L. Anderson, Sovereign Nations or Reservations? An Economic History of American Indians (San Francisco Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy 1995) 144.Vine Deloria, Jr. ed., American Indian Policy in the Twentieth Century (Norman University of Oklahoma Press 1985) 93.