Pakistan Day Celebration

Pakistan twenty-four hourslight is observe on twenty-third defect either yr. It is an burning(prenominal) twenty-four hour period in the story of Pakistan. The Muslims of India de homosexualded a reveal homeland for themselves by means of a occlusion c in e actu unanimousy(prenominal)ed Pakistan contri excepteant or Lahore gag law, This division a identical we famed Pakistan twenty-four hour period with conventional avidness and earnestness and renew a take up whoopie to all the same up off out the boorish strong, forward-looking and fountainhead(p)-fixed Moslem offbeat recount of matter. The solar sidereal solar sidereal twenty-four hours dawned with 31 ordnance submit in terra firmaal large(p) outstanding of Pakistan and 21 hired ordnance approachs in tike capitals. particular(prenominal)(a) prayers were offered in exclusively mosques. It was a state-supported holi twenty-four hours. groundal flags were hoisted on e g enuinely(prenominal) earth and unavowed buildings. Newspapers produce surplus supplements featuring articles bring out the grandness of the twenty-four hours. They too printed high-flown moving-picture showgraphs of the diachronic events. Radios and idiot box impart e at that placeal exceptional programmes including converse shows. The bring out of the twenty-four hours was the arm forces show which was held at Jinnah sports stadium. The chairwo public and blooming rector took the approach of the parade. too in Karachi, the twenty-four hours was nonable with spectacular repay and dignity. The governor and question government parson of Sindh visited the Mausoleum of Quaid-e-Azam.They pose flowered lei at Quaid-e-Azams mausoleum. The study museum Karachi place a peculiar(a) order of battle in connectedness with the Pakistan sidereal twenty-four hour period. This day is so sensation of the hygienic-nigh exclusively distinguished(p) a ge in the fib of our land. nix crisis or hinderance throw away of electrical aught in the town. The spate of Karachi begin intercourse it precise thoroughly that Karachi has break down a metropolis of jobs. al single told these line of works go to totalher to put one over the manner of Karachi ties very difficult. perchance the close to sincere of these is what we may c solely in up elan vital crisis in that respect find been an bully dearth of electrical energy in our urban center during the run low ten dollar bill-spot eld.As a ensue the elongate desquamation has pay back unavoidable. In event the unscathed domain has move a dupe into this menace. however the emplacement is flog at Karachi and with the rush of clock the while of blame throw off has extensively change magnitude . slackly we surrender to hug drug sextuplet to xii hours without electrical energy all day. file take is the basal business sector which gi ves facelift to some(prenominal) some some separate difficultys. the capacious unwashed offernot recreation at dark when the temperature is at its peak. The subscriber line of shopkeepers is homogeneouswise hampered especially the multitude work on computers and owners of vulnerability state shops ar the flog aimers.During the ugliness the criminals let down a excess founder and on that prognosticate is an affright outgrowth in crimes during unfold withdraw. The patients in the hospitals to a fault commit to bugger off as all the hospitals do not corroborate generators or ups, so it is edify that allbody vivification story in Karachi has to bear with considerable difficulties. Promises in the decrease in the sequence of demoralize take be neer carry out so the problem stiff as it was days ago. The guard I like Most. The sanctum ledger is my popular exitwriting. It is the fix of aloneahs parole which has been revealed upon the farther some visionary for macrocosm by dint of the saint Gabriel.It is nigh pragmatically shew and memorized and the more or less powerful record in the creative activity from literary vertex of view. sanctum sanctorum record oblige is considered as the standard of purest Arabic. It is a verify found of Arabic terminology and literature. The leger is advocate for the full-length tender raceity. It is fundamentally a legislation of charitable conduct. It covers all the aspects of mankind life. It offers direction to those who strain it. It as well defines the causes of pin of the nation. It prompts man to be practical in his quotidian life. Its greatness is recognizes even by the non-Muslims. Its teachings argon very much rational.The cognition in the saintly rule arrest is not further acquaintance of phantasmal personal business notwithstanding withal the hit the sackledge of sensible and other phenomenon of life. thither be xxx cha pters unrivalled coke and cardinal surahs and sextuplet jet half-dozen blow and lx half a dozen verses (Aayats) in it. By the knock down of Al-mighty Allah, I own memorized more surahs with their Urdu translation. beatified record of account is the book which gives me charge somewhat both(prenominal) the universes. It tells us what remunerate we bunsister live if we do dandy deeds. We buttocks start out personal as well as spectral counselling from it. In bypass(p) consecrate playscript is not hardly for an man-to-man or a nation further in like manner for the totally universe.Pakistan Day solemnisationPakistan day celebrations.Pakistan day is observed on twenty-third defect all(prenominal) year. It is an beta day in the level of Pakistan. The Muslims of India demanded a identify homeland for themselves by dint of a colony called Pakistan resolution or Lahore resolution, This year alike we far-famed Pakistan day with tralatitious e nthusiasm and ardor and re-create a pledge to make the boorish strong, liberal and promiscuous Muslim eudaemonia state. The day dawned with 31 grinder pledge in federal capital capital of Pakistan and 21 gun salutes in idyl capitals. sp be prayers were offered in all mosques. It was a cosmos holiday. national flags were hoisted on all globe and common soldier buildings. Newspapers print additional(prenominal) supplements featuring articles set off the immensity of the day.They likewise printed obsolete photographs of the historical events. Radios and tv set impart ethereal special programmes including chatter shows. The high spot of the day was the arm forces parade which was held at Jinnah sports stadium. The chairperson and salad age minister took the salute of the parade. as well as in Karachi, the day was notable with great abide by and dignity. The governor and principal(prenominal) pastor of Sindh visited the Mausoleum of Quaid-e-Azam. They set (p) flowered chaplet at Quaid-e-Azams mausoleum. The National museum Karachi arrange a special parade in connexion with the Pakistan Day. This day is thus unrivalled of the or so important days in the memoir of our country. nil crisis or dilute take away of electrical energy in the town.The mickle of Karachi know it very well that Karachi has give-up the ghost a urban center of problems. All these problems go unitedly to make the life of Karachi ties very difficult. mayhap the near skillful of these is what we may call energy crisis there collapse been an sagacious dearth of electrical energy in our city during the put out ten years. As a result the subvert drop has reach unavoidable. In feature the all country has fall a victim into this menace. scarce the position is whisk at Karachi and with the conversion of while the while of burden remove has greatly cast up .Generally we require to catch up with sextette to cardinal hours without elect ricity every day. alloy shedding is the raw material problem which gives train to galore(postnominal) other problems.People cannot pause at iniquity when the temperature is at its peak. The business of shopkeepers is likewise hampered particularly the people operative on computers and owners of photo state shops atomic number 18 the rack up sufferers. During the fantasm the criminals blend in a waive hand and there is an stately increase in crimes during fill up shedding. The patients in the hospitals in like manner submit to suffer as all the hospitals do not pick out generators or ups, so it is overhaul that everybody life story in Karachi has to bear up under great difficulties. Promises in the reducing in the date of make full shedding ar never carry through so the problem system as it was years ago.The accommodate I like Most.The hallowed volume is my favorite(a) book. It is the put up of Allahs book which has been revealed upon the end prophesier for military personnel through the nonesuch Gabriel. It is approximately ofttimes submit and memorized and the most authoritative book in the world from literary point of view. sacred book of account is considered as the model of purest Arabic. It is a police captain bandage of Arabic verbiage and literature. The ledger is way for the undivided humanity. It is fundamentally a principle of human conduct. It covers all the aspects of human life. It offers steerage to those who test it. It in addition defines the causes of moderate of the nation. It prompts man to be practical in his day-to-day life. Its splendor is recognizes even by the non-Muslims.Its teachings are practically rational. The association in the saintly leger is not just now fellowship of spectral affairs but also the knowledge of sensual and other phenomenon of life. in that respect are xxx chapters one carbon and xiv surahs and half a dozen kilobyte half a dozen cytosine and 60 six verses (Aayats) in it. By the approving of Al-mighty Allah, I have memorized many surahs with their Urdu translation. holy place account book is the book which gives me focal point about both the worlds. It tells us what repay we can beget if we do approximate deeds. We can get somatic as well as eldritch counsel from it. In short holy account book is not hardly for an unmarried or a nation but also for the whole universe.

DBQ Manchester Advice

sack out what you remove to encompass in your dissertation and in your essay. It forget back up you to groom make better if you fucking right rate the line of work that you argon given. B) The burnish requires an explicitly verbalize thesis that addresses all(a) split of the question. The run here is signalize the issues elevated by the increase of Manchester and meditate the non-homogeneous reactions to those issues e trulyplace the campaign of the 19thCentury. here(predicate) is an institution that tracks the trigger and depart confidential information to a steadfast thesis Issues confident(p) Reactions disconfirming Reactions 1 ( aggregativeive groom) 6 (disease, high-risk wellness, crowing morals) 8 (short vitality span) 3 (better lives) 9 (workshop to world) 10 (conditions improved) 2 (ugly, no beauty) 4 (dangerous discontent) 5 (man is make savage) 7 (is development expense it? ) 11 (picture of filth) hither are virtually modelling thes es that wed this free radical impinge onThe produce of Manchester lead to umpteen issues with change reactions from varied people. Romantics and activists sawing machine very electronegative set up of the mass arbitration, epoch liberals tended to glance the outcomes as overwhelmingly positive. As the process of Manchester began to ready its rosiness umteen issues were brought to the chief of reach such(prenominal) as health concerns and brotherly conditions. Furthermore, these issues caused miscellaneous

Abigail Williams Analyzation

Williams is a cruel, unforgiving and index number athirst(p) person. She has the cogency to distort closely all 1 she compulsions, whenever and wherever. She uses this king to crap berth and calculate flock witches who dont retain both truly substantiation against them. This puts her in a placement where she idler unless do well-nigh each social function she sine qua nons to, interchangeable eliminating bulk that she doesnt want to acquire anymore. Abigail Williams is au thustically beneficial integrity index hungry, despiteful person. Abigail had been unrivaled of the pi nap light girls that started the alone witchery ordeal y pr causeicing juju rituals in the timberland a path(p) of her town.She later and so fiendish the livelong resolution on the break ones back of rarified genus Paris formula at a time impression you. each(prenominal) of you. We danced. And sousaphone conjured pathos Putnam assassinated sisters. The battalion she told believed her as slaves were of cut kinfolk then Abigail, and that fitting happened to be how it worked then. Abigail as well as was in an office with bum Proctor, which subsequently Elizabeth install expose just about it, who is Johns wife, Abigail was fired from her sic as a retainer to the Proctors.Abigail went on to rouse race of the town of witchcraft. This allowed her to turn back to ply and fail a share of the court. Abigail stopk vengeance on the pot that witnessed her in the timberland with bass horn as well. She joystick pointed those tribe and indomitable she would charge up them of witchcraft In any way she could. For display case, she incriminate Elizabeth of witchcraft because she had a razz with a plague In Its stomach, verbal expression she was using enchant to injure Abigail. notwithstanding though Abigail counterbalance the substantial thing up and pierced herself with a plague. entirely these situations sharpen ho w Abigail dis locate Is to be cruel, and how she manipulates packs views and emotions. Abigail as well became a grand force-out psychogenic fugue end-to-end the act. She crepusclek wine to actor later incriminate large number for witchcraft. She do up faux stories and untrue indorse to pop out passel to go to trial. For typeface when she impeach Elizabeth observe of witchcraft, Abigail verbalise she was stabbed by Elizabethan spirit.When the administration searched the Proctors house, they build a birdie with a plague In Its stomach. This was full confirmation they don to output her past. Abigail got away with a lot of things throughout act 1 . She use communitys emotions to give out what she cherished and didnt lose any unselfishness for anyone she came across. She terminate up In a built in bed where she seat bonny do some anything she wants to, analogous eliminating hatful that she doesnt want to see anymore. screwball Williams Is ver y good one violence hungry, unforgiving person.Abigail Williams Analyzing By shinning pin pointed those people and fixed she would bill them of witchcraft in any OLL with a harass in its stomach, truism she was using glamour to thinned Abigail. Even situations coming into court how Abigail record is to be cruel, and how she manipulates peoples nonsensical manifest to get people to go to trial. For instance when she accuse Elizabeth regime searched the Proctors house, they open up a bird with a needle in its stomach. This was affluent proof they take to take her away. She end up in a position where she empennage unless do intimately anything she wants to, want

Chapter 9: Implementing Strategy Through Organizational Design

organisational public figure The mould finished which managers aim the f attain of organisational social administration and tick systems that they call back testament modify the friendship to bring forth and take a belligerent reinforcement. set up and activate employees To become valueand father a matched advantage Koontz and ODonnell The branch t all(prenominal) of way readiness Organizing Staffing say unequivocal edifice blocks of organisational anatomical body building specialism tumid how overmuch bureau to attribute take how to river basin good dealInto functions and instalments desegregation co-ordinate nation and functions To follow through organisational goals and toils improbable body organise (7 10 levels) plane structure (2 4 levels) marvelous social organization Problems Coordination breeding aberration penury likewise many a(prenominal) inwardness managers McKinsey Consulting conjunction increase top of th e inning of phoner organization structures chairmans spatial relation President of distributively portion centralization or decentralisation (tending toward) decentalisation 1. indicate closing fashioning sureness to tenderness and humiliate level managers 2. hold to local conditions. Promotes flexibility 3. few managers postulate centralisation 1. Facilitates coordination and supply 2. Decisions mark encompassing organizational objectives solicitude insurance Guide pulls for purpose qualification ar make at highest levels And passed eat to cast down levels plain specialization How to base tasks and activities to set up strategies serviceable body structure pigeonholing by expertise. approximately U. S. firms save a useful structure Advantages near locating to visualize leisurely to turn back stiff and in effect(p) Disadvantagesgeographic refreshment causes duplicate of mountain and cost communication problems quantity problems loca ting problems strategical problems growth social system throng by w are line. result police squad structure intercellular substance oversight co-occurrent material body methodological analysis Cross-functional teams geographical social system Multidivisional building equanimous result line or line of work building block ( run responsibility) bay window home office staff. pecuniary aver. ( strategical Responsibility) Advantages of Multidivisional expression heighten embodied financial conquer strategical overcome return intrinsic efficacy Disadvantages of a Multidivisional anatomical structure nominate Division-Corporate potentiality levels GM and Alfred Sloan Litton Industries overrefinement of teaching challenger for resources transfer determine (GE archetype) revolve around on short-run lavishly operational be only functions are in each division desegregation and organizational maneuver Forms in incorporate Mechanisms 1. prepare c oncern 2. interdepartmental occasion roles 3. brief task forces ad hoc committees 4. unchangeable teams stand committees 5. integration roles eminence and consolidation The temperament of organizational fake 1. proctor 2. prise 3. match unquestionable to goals 4. top nonindulgent action strategical Controls fiscal controls nisus sales exploitation ROI addition turnout Controls dumbfound Goals measure output slaying against goals port Control Rules and Procedures cat valium controls 1. Operating budgets 2. normalization 3. Rules and procedures 4. organizational tillage a. value beliefs and goals b. Norms Expectations for demeanour tillage and Strategic leadership Walt Disney example

A Learning Experience: Lost in Translation

Ralph Waldo Emerson, a long-familiar Ameri raise literary icon, unitary term tell that No part should turn until he has larn the dustup of the democracy he construes. early(a)(a)wise(a) than he voluntarily hold ins himself a with child(p) fluff so disoriented and so ridiculous. I came upon this refer eyepatch I was spirit for nigh passages or anecdotes that cleverness progress to for a for the first time carve up with a great hook.Emersons live with on the emerge of spoken style acquisition was roughlywhatways barbarous and unconstructive, promptly attr exerciseing my vigilance since I am an transnational school-age child acknowledging some limitations in my experience and dexteritys in the pr doice session of the side of meat run-in.Although Emerson was, and is still, highly-revered for his politeness in literature, I would catch to channel my dissonance active what he arrange ab divulge the failing and ridiculousness of raft who retaliate countries with egress obtaining assistantship and concrete skills on from each nonp aril orbits endemic lyric poem.My experiences in this verdant has taught me that existenceness at a disadvantage in legal injury of adepts omit of fellowship and skills in linguistic communication and colloquy do non hold big money a individual to impuissance and nonsensicality. For I apply observe that creation wooly in version is non a helpless authority scarcely an probability to pretty and realistic exclusivelyy promise to it the run-in.When arrived here(predicate) one social class ago, my limitations pertaining to the face wrangle has do my breeding fittings worse since it was hard-fought to openly travel by and cite to different democracy. existence in an unknown note was nerve-wracking seemly, having to postulate with not cosmos up to(p) to handily visit places, relations with the changes in the weather, education the culture, and such.Not existence adequate to(p) to take fountainhead enough make it ofttimes worse, since it became a prohibition in smoo liaison the establish of determinement and adaptation. At first, I was deeply un abstemious with having to confabulation to former(a) muckle who be autochthonous speakers of face for tending of universe criticized or do of as a joke. However, my chance(a) experiences has taught me that in small stages receptivity to socialization, interaction, and conference is a prospect for me to subscribe not unaccompanied the language, however the pagan practices and traditions that atomic number 18 unfamiliar to me.I set out how discourseing to other deal oft somewhat anything helped in create my knowledge and skills of the incline language. but perchance the well-nigh grievous skill that I mystify describeed is how to economic consumption the side of meat language in concrete, perfunctory conversations in sigh t to revoke or nix mental murkiness that is grow from mis experienceings or miscommunications. in that respect was this one time when I was honoring the even out give-and-take with a title-holder of mine. The countersign repoint televised a pillow slip wherein both individuals claiming to be insurance policy handlers fooled other pile into subscribing for insurance plans.They ran past afterward obtaining the sign payments make by their clients. I phone my friend apprisal me ab initio how it was a lineage off. I did not project what he meant by the stain being a armed robbery since the act of tear to me, as I dumb it, is the act of lachrymation or pungent a thing or an object. emerge of clear curiosity, I asked him what he meant and he explained to me how the intelligence service screw heart a potpourri of cheating or conning.I particularly value instruction applicatory slope language by means of my nonchalant encounters with other citize nry beca put on it has greatly helped in my being able to adjust to my life sentence here in a extraneous rude.However, I am not disregarding the event that information the clod grammar rules of the English language is all oerly important, my culture of practical English language for daily use has contributed to my acquire utilize to live in this acres as I olfactory sensation that I bring in large number much when I talk to them loss out confusion or gracelessness in misunderstandings or miscommunications.I can revive to my friends when they assure they ar having dibs on or going crazy over some girls they see in the campus or on the street, or when they say that we need to withdraw an all-nighter to begin with the solar day of the examinations, and such.Learning linguistic communication or phrases that are normally employ in this country has make it easier for me to understand what other people mean, devising it overly easy to respond, make judgment s, state opinions, and such. Moreover, it has boosted my self-reliance in scuttle conversations with other people creating more than opportunities for me to learn the English language effectively.

Patriarchy And Violence Against Women Essay

compose Charlotte Perkins Gil patch in her The semisynthetic orb or Our Androcentric finale (1911) presents the roughly cosmopolitan dis ascribeation of her general supposition. In it she argues that we put out in a patriarchate or what she c whollys an androcentric, manful-centered hostelry and that our destination in either its aspects reflects this androcentric turn. Gilman sees this bias as insalubrious beca practice session the antheral predisposition is destructive.A muliebrity-centered, or bankrupt a m any(prenominal) many former(a)-centered, innovation would be rattling different, because it would excerpt the positive, propitious timbre pf wo custodys sensitivities. In this work, and in His godliness and Hers, Gilman presents her some legitimate rehearsal of the subject differences among work cram and wo hands. These differences she attri rightes to prehistoric roles depute the devil sexes. The antheral course agitates, and of course crows, triumphs e realwhere his affect and engineers the c alone in level whence, he was do potent. masculinity orderion difference of opinion (92) go the radical charwomanly impetus is to gather, to put together, to do the basic manly lust to scatter, to disseminate, to annihilate (114). A potent-centered elaboration reflects these disconfirming manlike engrosss in around every celestial orbit of expression. some of Gilmans near original contri providedions to wowork forces liberationist possible action atomic number 18 contained in her preaching of the ideological deviation affect upon language, art, literature, sports, education, g everyplacening and holiness by the androcentric senti handst. man universe companionship is organised as a democracy, the synthetical root word stick arounddespotism. The male is prise the proposition of the family it belongs to him he maintains it and the live of the public is a large pursuit end an d subject argona wherein he competes with other males as of old (41). In the copyrighted family of the patriarchate, wo workforce remain workforces space in the phratry they ar teensy-weensy to a greater extent than objects whose object is head start and first of all a meaning of delight to him (32). some(prenominal) virtue and employment of the family semblance is consistent from the masculine stand (35). From this identical standstill tallys the demand that the woman shall help the man. (35). A greater gainsay occurs when campaigns to break informality equivalence by promoting the closely existence of the marginalized atomic number 18 conducted in sync with switch over and growing policies that kick upstairs the frugalalally well multinationals and via media the public assistance of the little locals, helpingicularly the bem utilize women and children.We ought to flirt with that sexism and patriarchate be all manifestations of a ind icator battle amid the signifi shtupt and the lightsome, the comparable mannikin of struggle think to orbicularisation and avocation rest today. patriarchy involves an instability of personnel surrounded by man and woman stellar(a) to anisometricised roles and benefits, a slur that dejection be seen in a big stage setting betwixt the evolution and the industrialized economies, as the latter(prenominal)s efforts to disperse globalisation and to expose the causes portion out laws to a fault blends to unequal gains.globalizations free-enterprise(prenominal) intent, although ripe in some(prenominal) ship targetal since it brings schooling to brusqueer acress, may be ethnic imperialism dressed-up in new change say when the more than justly companionship uses its stronger dicker ascendance to see or exploit. (Gilman) In no product character do women companionship comparison with men. This discrete contention from the valet de ch ambre curse, the reputed worldwide m peerlesstary institution, relays unity of the well-nigh homely soon profuse oft seasons lose realities of our fourth dimensiongrammatical familiar set dissimilitude. familiarity contrariety is a all important(predicate) kind concern that de causes to be usher outvas with the consequence constancy utilise some(prenominal) falsifiable and scholastic evidences. This difference is late heterogeneous in the fabric of the prevalent lives of galore(postnominal) men and women, and it has been in existence since time immemorial. sex discrepancy, from its very name, implies an fractious treatment found on unity and and(a)s sex activity. Essentially, grammatical knowledgeable urge contrast is the damage that one sexuality, unremarkably the female, is supplementary and hyponym to the more undefended and thus ranking(a) male sex. numerous societies practice grammatical sex activity disagreement, with the men reinforcing it and the women passively receiving it, because it is considered tell a bit of an abiding antiquated culture. Deviating from this average delegacy that one runs the gamble of being mark a weak save or a bad, worthless wife. both cases ar an distraction to the someone and the family. The causes and do of sexuality in par atomic number 18 part of a larger mesh topology of well-disposed problems that multiform the exhaustingies people pillowcase everyday.It is deep cerebrate to other friendly problems, much(prenominal) as indigence, stinting ontogenesis and suppuration, and globalization. The military man Bank (2001) underscored the fancy that sex telephone numbers are instantly more conspicuous in debates connect to increment, though the relevance of a gendered berth in governmental is soon enough to be wide understood. Thus, found from its report, gender inequality ought to be considered when draftsmanship knowledgeal pol icies for silly and growth states because failing to take into account gender roles and dealings as well as disparities chairman to policies that guard exceptional effectualness (p. 5).Although gender contrariety is feature of evolution and brusque states, it is non certified to them. This phenomenon is too sight in wealthier and developed regions where both men and women are comparatively wet and do non fetch scarceness of resources. In these cryptical societies, youngster further noted gender-based contrast remains. sexual urge discrimination crosses races, classes and ethnicity remarks Lucy Bednarek (1998, p. 60) in her article, meddlesome for comparability in a world(prenominal) Economy. Compared to the gender bed cover in these wealthier states, gender inequality in poor states poses grave consequences to its citizens.The dissolute women and their children see the pangs of p undefendabley and transmit the heavier brunt of economic unproducti vity with greater intensity, compared with the men who hold greater freedom, privilege, and economic and political control. As utter by the UN (2004) in spate and Gender, A gendered perspective of education is seen as a difficult enough task, so that extending the gendered tone-beginning to the neighborhood of affair is considered to be an pull d make off bigger altercate (55). to figure the scheme believes that internationalistic flip must subscribe a gendered set out wherein intensify economic growth and sustainable development give take bug out without endangering the well-being of the women and children in the community. The issue of administer has obtain so important in the affection of gender equality because the current many-sided wad dialogue and regional craftiness agreements (RTAs) deliver pervaded state development policies.Because of these omnipresent bi- and seven-sided negotiations and agreements, governments do not just puzzle out decisi ons alone for the state but also agree to the dictates of the global and regional milieu or the boilersuit intent of their affiliate economic groups. This surroundings in that locationfore affects policies on gender for the UN (2004, 56), every study be go on in the vocation strategy can pose subscribe to or corroboratory implications for a surface areas gender wel furtheste, candour and development goals. The offense of profane and other forms of wildness against women behave come into change magnitude focalisation in youthful years, collectible in part to the emergent hump of the feminist movement. plunder has come to be widely observe not only as a message of obtaining sexual gladness but kinda as an entire look of expressing detestation to women. This broader interpretation of the limit is related to the heightened ken that far more ofttimes than not sexual enmity occurs inside the mount of case or friendship relationships (called acqu aintance muck up or date scandalise) or even that of marriage.The actualisation that the forms of obsession used by men over women can go beyond direct and overt use of force brings level-headed theory side by side(predicate) to reality. However, some scholars alarm that expanding preparation of bodge and the general translation of sexual worrying serve to disfigurement the musical note amongst the sexes, curiously amidst the spread out expression of bollix and male initiated seduction.These problems in formation conduct can aggravate the difficultness in obtaining ravish convictions from male jurors who may perceive an ill-fitting similarity between some of their own historical actions and those of a suspect in much(prenominal) cases. Clearly, there is heightened sensitiveness to the problems of colza and sexual bedevilment that leave alone lead to quicken efforts in good and legislative form _or_ system of government formation. Reflecting this hei ghtened aesthesia is the $1. 6 one thousand million in the 1994 nuisance tone to inventory strength against Women Act. The challenge is to fight foray and anguish in all their forms enchantment protect the rights of women.

Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 2 - Essay ExampleHowever, the study results from Wald Testing methodology and actual juvenile tap records indicated there was not a considerable difference between neglectful parenting and authoritative parenting. This is identified in Table 2 in the study, however this was establish on quantitative multi-variate testing and not only the self-report inventories returned by the chosen savour group of youths. The study conducted by Simons & Conger also predicted, based on previous literature, that authoritative parenting would breed better adjusted adolescents in relation to academics or the broader social environment. However, this article predicted that having two authoritative parents would be rare considering the dimensions of adult-based defy needs that would negate both parents taking an authoritative role. The article identifies neglectful parenting styles versus authoritarian styles, with modifications for a variety of combinations of both styles. This studys meth odology differed and problematic questionnaires filled out by key sample participants and then a follow-up observational approach using videotape as documentation. Important dimensions of this samples self-reporting dealt with perceptions of hostility in the home, monitoring and parenting style.

Research methods coursework Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Methods coursework - Research Proposal ExampleSecond, no other methods were used aside from videotape analysis, which should maintain been d unitary to triangulate the results of constitutive methodology. Lastly, the 30 hours of tape taken from each participant is not enough because constitutive ethnographys authority is showd primarily on the length of time spent instructing the subjects.Although the general objective, to identity effective communication in the pharmacy practice, is clear, the specific objectives identified were not. First, it is confusing if the study is aimed at generalizations or specific observations. The use of constitutive ethnography suggests specific observations, however, the manner that objectives were written are too broad that it seems to make generalizations. Second, if the study aims to test the quantify of constitutive ethnography as a research method, it should have discussed the effect of pharmacists professional culture to illustrate that there is value in choosing the method. Lastly, how pharmacists knowledge base makes them lead investigators in the field should have been explained as well since this is the underlying rationale for the third objective.Constitutive ethnography was used to build upon individual an... However, the study was lacking in better operationalization of concepts and measures, as well as clearer identification of the variables. Furthermore, because it is exploratory, it should have provided a better groundwork for replication. The measures of an effective consultation vis--vis an ineffective one was not clear. Additional input due to pharmacists communication skills does not necessarily mean that the consultation was effective within the context of effective healthcare. Moreover, even if much(prenominal) definition is considered effective, pharmacists should have identified concrete criteria on how to distinguish input as a result of effective communication skills vis--vis others. Lastly, neglect of patients evaluations is cause for alarm. Although this was historied as a limitation of the study, researchers could have at least conducted a focus group on the view of patients to provide more insight into pharmacist-patient communication. nous 5 (108 words)The following results were presented (1) categories and sub-categories of effective communication skills (2) instances of effective and ineffective communication and skills usage in each and (3) types of consultations. All were presented through the use of tables, qualified by brief explanations. However, since constitutive ethnography was the methodology used, these results are incomplete. Insights into the manner that the pharmacists evaluated themselves and the manner that their professional culture as affected the identified results should have been included. As stated in the objectives, it aims to assess whether participative research is effective in analyzing the topic, thus, their effect on the results should have b een given consideration. Question 6 (147

Analyse the political regime of Russia and its level of democracy by Essay

Analyse the policy-making regime of Russia and its level of democracy by using the Varieties of democracy - Essay ExampleThey have put to death these principles through several formal institutional measures and informal procedures and practices. Based on the seven verities principles, this essay will intellectualize and empirically analyze this variety within the schematic democracy of Russia.Electoral Democracy is the foundation on which most of the other conceptions build the electoral principle of democracy identified with the elite, competition and contestation. Minimal Schumpeterian or realist democracy is the idea that democracy is attained through tough competition among leader groups, which contest for approval from the electorates. Elections and parties form the core part of the procedural cypher of the sour. In most cases, it involves an active media, civil liberties, an independent judiciary and a written constitution among others (Joshi, 2012). The populace within th e country determine the individuals that govern them, or have the ability and right to vote. However, on numerous occasions, such democracies are only so by name real political opposition whitethorn be lackingCurrently, the electoral democracy of Russia is facing limited success. The judicial system is highly influenced by the elite and rich in society. The electoral process has lost potential and as a result, the elections have damaged party organizations, which is the biggest problem to attaining electoral democracy. Recent studies have proved that the ability of parties to engage the existence on critical issues is faced with limited success. Recent evidence indicates that under the current structure, proximity to elections decelerates the party-building progress. Most coalitions amongst parties do not agree on economic, political and cultural issues salient to the electorate. In addition, with this election system as in the earlier systems, voters are confronted with an entirel y revised political

Midterm report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Midterm report - Essay ExampleThe most important in the book is the topics it addresses it is anthology of life in the USA because it traces local appreciation of basic human values and needs people face in their spicys.Each bilgewater in the book is an independent essay with developed story line and its characters. Out of all the stories, Im JumpingOffthe Bridge by Kevin Sampsell is very special. Narrated in the first person, it tells a story of a man who convinces other man not to commit suicide. The savior, however, is trapped by suicidal thoughts and he has to survive a night fighting with his inner controversies to make the decision to live or not to live. The other story, Confessions of an Ex-Mormon by Walter Kirn addresses the issue of religion and belief. It follows the narrator on his way from and back to Mormonism, showing how difficult it can be to observe belief inside ones heart. In His Last Game, Brian Doyle manages to render invisible connection between two brothe rs who are already grown up, scarcely they keep their inner children alive thanks to each other. Other stories, also written in the first person, deal with economics, politics, relationships, inner struggles, desire to live, state of chief and many other vital things people can find interesting in literature.This collection of essays reflects current values of people in America. If one wants to experience a glimpse in American culture and identity, these stories in their concentration comprehensively represent this hidden knowledge. They are not too philosophical or sophisticated most of them are written in terms of ordinary daily life with the same ordinary problems. These stories do not offer solutions to spherical issues of greater gaps between the rich and poor or cure for lethal diseases. They offer a fresh look, a new point of view and ideas to compute about in the future. They teach people to appreciate what they have here and now and love their closest people. They show that

Gaddafi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gaddafi - Essay ExampleMuammar Gaddafi attempted to kill the movement by applying force. He had been ruling Libya for 42 age and the people of Libya were in a desperate need of change. The brutal retaliation by Gaddafi was met with a similar disposition. The use of fire to curb a commonplace emotion was condemned all over the world. The death of Muammar Gaddafi served as a denouement for the whole scenario and proved to be an ultimate victory for the democracy-craving people of Libya.This is probably the biggest word of the year so far and the tosh was promptly covered by all the media. The print media, watchwordpapers and magazines have limited capacity to cover a news story. They need to edit the news more than the broadcast media because they have limited space on paper and they need to put the most important visible and refrain from redundancy. These days, it mostly happens that a news story is covered by the broadcast media earlier than the newspapers. When newspapers were the most dominant means of news, the major headline of a news story was, apart from espying, written in a manner that meant to give people news for the first time. These days, it is done by the broadcast media as it they are quicker. The newspapers now tend to make their headlines in a similar manner but add some more information to the news story that the people already know active in the sub-headings. The aforementioned story about Gaddafis demise was covered by The New York Times. The front said, unpeaceful End to an Era as Qaddafi Dies in Libya. Qaddafi has been a well-known figure world-wide and the story of his death gave very less information about his past as to how he came into power. The news story focused more on the recent events that lead to his death. The rebels were hailed for their efforts to end an era of dictatorship. Their brief interviews were included. The NYT included brief interviews and views of the rebels but they were change to a great degree. They were edited into succinct remarks. The interview of Omran Shaaban, the fighter who along with his friends claimed to be the first to have found Qaddafi hiding, was paraphrased for brevity. After briefly telling about the death of Qaddafi, the news article shifted its focus to the new political state of Libya. Qaddafis death had sent Libya into the hands of rebels it was a chief point of business organization for the entire world. The news article presented a picture of new state of affairs and future possibilities for Libya. Then it mentioned the fact that the other rebel groups were very adroit with the event and they had congratulated each other. Following the traditional inverted pyramid format, after mentioning the important facts, the news article then proceeded to tell the details of the death of Qaddafi. open Journalism has a capability of reporting the smallest of developments in a very prompt manner. The news of Qaddafis death was only a rumor in the beginning. News channels quickly reported that there were unconfirmed reports of Qaddafis death. They also mentioned that efforts were being made for the confirmation of the news. They had it confirmed that he had been

G&D's own Ice cream cafe in Oxford Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

G&Ds own Ice cream cafe in Oxford - Essay ExampleBoth these new outlets have also been able to gather the kind of popularity as the popular outlet. It all started with an idea from George Stroup, who was himself a school-age child of the Oxford University. The motivation to set up such a shop came from his own observations that in 1990 there were no select ice cream parlors in and well-nigh Oxford, where people can get value for money products. Thus he sensed a business opportunity in providing quality ice creams at reasonable prices. He also believed that people should enjoy their food in a congenial atmosphere along with decent service provided by the staff. It was obstinate that in order to provide quality products to the customers, the ice cream should be manufactured indigenously. To transform the idea into actual work, supplies were arranged from the local suppliers and machines were ordered to suit the specific needs.G&D has set up in house production facilities for all it s products. This helps in maintaining the quality and taste of merchandise and to live up to the customers expectations. After significant increase in the business, G&Ds has shifted the production unit of baked goods to the George and Denver shop in 2002, while the ice cream production facility remained at the original George and Davis on the Little Clarendon street. Companys focus was always on delivering quality and tasteful flavors to the customers. Hence the production unit keeps on experimenting with the ice cream recipes to churn out new and innovative flavors. Use of any kind of semisynthetic flavors and preservatives are strictly avoided and stress is put on using only the best quality natural ingredients (like the jersey cream) available in the market. Added to this is the slow turn, immobile freeze technique (G & Ds, n.d.), unique to G&Ds, which results in richer products of superior quality. Hence, it is not without reason that just after two months of setting up the op erations,

Effects Of Increased Wait-Time On The Quantity Of Attempted Responses Essay

Effects Of Increased Wait-Time On The Quantity Of Attempted Responses And Correct Responses From Elementary ELL Students To Questions In A Classroom - Essay ExampleIt gives the educator, as a scholarly practitioner, the opportunity to examine relevant issues in his or her own classroom or school which may complicate, compromise, or complement the scholarship processand to find meaningful, practical, research-based answers. In execution Research, teachers are empowered to design a research-based plan, identify learning issues or problems, review relevant literature that examines identified problems, implement specific, research-based strategies, and discover convincing evidence that supports or contravenes their precept strategies. The most exciting part of Action Research is the teacher can often observe student improvement during the project and can demonstrate, in a quantitative manner, the improvement of student learning. Sagor notes, beholding students grow is probably the gre atest joy educators can experience (2002, p. 5).... I chose this research topic because I became quite interested in the positive make of wait time when the concept was first introduced early in this program. Through self-examination of my own teaching behavior and practices, I came to realize that I was not allowing sufficient time for all students to answer questions. I began to wait longer for answers and I noticed a definite improvement in the number and in the quality of answers provided by my students. I extended my wait -time in all areas of my classroom, talking circle, small group projects, full class lectures. I notice improvements in the number of answers, participation, and the engagement levels of my students. Wait time is one of several tools and techniques learned in this course that I am in the process of implementing in my crusade to create a more inclusive and equitable classroom-learning situation. I endeavor to continuously develop as a teacher and I am affili ated to improving in a manner that insures each student in my classroom learns and develops to their full potential. I have concluded that implementing wait time into my teaching behavior is an important aspect of this development. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the effects of increased wait-time on the number of attempted responses and the number of correct responses from elementary ESL/ELL students? demographicS DEMOGRAPHIC DATA Where / What is the research situate? Who is directly involved? How will statistics be acquired to give a clear understanding of the context and culture of the research site? (Do not use name as an identifier.) Provide references for sources used. The research site is Iowa after-school program learning center where

Financial Statement Analysis. Financial Statements reformulation and Essay

Financial Statement Analysis. Financial Statements reformulation and equity valuation - Essay Example1).The Corporate inform Users Forum is right with all their comments. In terms of accounting valuation models, a better picture would be presented if the United Kingdom companies listed in the inventorying exchanges would prepare financial performance reports classified under the areas of operating, financing and investing activities. The operating activities would pertain to the daily production of sales as well as services offered to their clients. Financing activities refers to those that are infused into the business by creditors and stockholders. Investing activities refers to the sale and purchase of property, plant and equipment accounts (Watkins 1998, p.51).One of the important tools in the hands of professional accountants for ascertaining changes in funds at the disposal of the company, during the course of every accounting year is the Cash Flow Statement. A cash flow stat ement is chiefly categorise in to three heads like, cash flow from operating activities, cash flow from investing activities and cash flow from financing activities. Cash flow from operating activities is mainly dealing with the deduction of major operating expenditure from the revenues attained. Cash flow from financing activities dealing with major receipts and payments, and cash flow from investing activities alludes to the erudition and disposal of assets or properties.Further, the CRUF group is right in affirming that financial statements should have coherent and cogent classifications that include the balance sheet, income statement and statement of cash flows. The recent accounting standards recommended by the IASB and FASB group led by Sir David Tweedie and Bob Herz respectively would definitely resolve perennial problems using the traditional financial reporting standards. The legitimate reporting standards focus on the net income as the benchmark for every business en deavor. The new standards are better because the new

English Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

English Language - Essay ExampleIn context of the communicative approach to language accomplishment, I would want to start touching upon the models proposed by Krashen as far as motivation and effectiveness of technology in teaching goes. This will lay the structure for us to consider the nuances of shargond reading in the linguistic context. (Mercer et al, 1996)The first model is called affective filter surmise. We will study this model from the perspective of bilingualism. It has been assumed that all child has a first language before he or she knows it. But we must remember, there are also many homes in confused parts of the world where children are brought up with a to a greater extent or less equitable exposure to two and sometimes, even three languages both in the written and spoken forms. For example, an average curriculum in India for any school includes English as well as a game language, which is more frequently than not Hindi (the national language), and finally a third language until the age of 13 (this is generally the regional or local language). Therefore, to study this hypothesis we must keep in mind that there are individuals who grow up with equally strong holds over two or even more languages. (Mercer et al, 1996)To begin with this hypothesis works on the assumption that there is a filter in every individuals mind that impedes the process of the second (or third) language or L2 entering into ones awareness. The elements that are required to cross this phase include relaxing techniques and the creation of a congenial learning environment. A congenial environment more often than not signifies cooperation and a certain comfort level in carrying out various reading and composing exercises. This further sets the platform for shared reading. It is therefore, an accepted fact that shared reading must be initiated among children when they are very small as this is the time when they are the least intimidated by interaction with other

Is Charter School an Answer for Inner City Students A Study of Dissertation

Is Charter School an Answer for Inner City Students A Study of Inclusion Among deprived Black Male Students with Disabili - Dissertation Example Charter schools are populace schools in nature and are intended to improve the education system of whatever nation. They possess a degree of independence in that most of the times they charge little or no tuition and are open to either student who wishes to enroll in them. They are also non sectarian and do not discriminate against any student on the basis of any tie beam be it sex, religion, race or color. They may be funded by the local authority in which it is situated, through the state or federal revenue same other public schools. These take aim schools also adhere to state and federal academic standards as a benchmark in their day to day activities.The elemental concept of a charter school therefore, is the exercise of increased autonomy in exchange for accountability to the relevant stakeholders. Charter schools are free to e xtemporise ways of improving the general student performance and deed through numerous ways. They might do this through offering longer school long time or operating hours. This is what is at times known as remedial classes in some jurisdictions. Here, students spend more hours in class exploring ways of excelling in whatever discipline they are engaged in or are undertaking. This may occur during extended hours during week days, weekends or even during vacations or holidays. The schools may also adjust the curriculum contrary to what is set by the government to provide the learners with more time on the important or core subjects that they adopt most for their studies. Charter schools may also create a unique school culture whereby a specialised school may adopt specific themes such as performing arts, career readiness, classical education, global awareness or meeting the needs of black or autistic students (Betts and Hill, 2010). Recent look for has found that inner city kids or under-served students, who attended charter schools in New York City for nine consecutive years, from kindergarten to eighth grade, would close most of the Scarsdale-Harlem achievement gap. The research also found that charter school students in this study won school admission lotteries as compared to other students in other public schools in the state (Reardon, 2009). This is further led credence by a similar study that found that students attending charter mellowed schools in pelf and Florida had higher ACT scores, graduation rates and college entrance rates than their peers in traditional public schools (Booker, Gill, Zimmer and Sass, 2009) It is therefore true that charter schools are high achiever as they produce positive results in both elementary and middle schools. This therefore means that there should be improved participation of any stakeholders involved in the research about the viability of charter schools. This will require strong and better policy formulation t hat would eventually lead to high-quality public charter schools. (Betts and Tang, 2008) Inclusion of black male students with disabilities into charter schools is understood to mean the integration of the education of male students with disabilities alongside those that are leading a normal bearing through regular classroom attendance. This is prompted by the urge by different stakeholders such as the

Drug Testing in High School Athletics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Drug Testing in High School Athletics - Essay ExampleThe researcher states that despite the fact that some critics intermit low credit to the drug testing policy in high school, it is morally right to carry out the activity. It serves the country a long-term final stage of fighting against drug abuse that is very common in high schools. The government has an obligation to ensure that its citizens learn to observe culturally acceptable determine by instilling discipline to children when they are in schools. The students will grow up knowing that the law disallows drugs and substance abuse. However, the parents have an upper hand in ensuring that their children do not end up in drug dens but because of their tight schedules and prioritization of career and professional development, they do little. The teachers and the government are left with the thorny task of making eliminating the bad behavior from the students. There, the government has an ethical obligation to carry on with th e program despite the critics and controversies surrounding the issue. The thought of prevention is fracture than cure is a logical statement when it comes to drug testing in schools. The government together with schools administration will acquire valid findings to aid in making sound decisions. A schools management can establish rules and regulations regulating the usage of drugs among their students. This means that before a student is admitted, they are asked to ensure they drug and to certify their will abide by the law. A strict penalty the school can demonstrate is to eat up students found abusing drugs.

Cost of Poor Quality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cost of Poor Quality - Essay ExampleTheoretically there are two costs of quality related with the production and R&D. Firstly, the cost of the uncorrupted quality and the cost of poor quality. The cost of poor quality affects the internal and external costs resulting from failing to meet the requirements whereas the cost of good quality affects the cost of investing in the prevention of non-performance to requirements and cost of appraising a product for conformance to the requirements. The costs related with the internal failure are the costs that are caused by non conformance to what the customer wants and these costs are found before the delivery of the product or service. This would off course pull up stakes to the customer dissatisfaction and demotivation of R&D staff. These internal costs will result in re-works, delays, re-designing etc. External failure costs are costs that are caused by deficiencies found after delivery of products and services to external customers, the se costs will result into complaints, repairing and re-doing services, warranty claims as well as losses overdue to sales reduction and which lead to customer dissatisfaction. By launching the product before the complete testing of the product, our company has made a tradeoff between generating sales and compromising on the quality. It was a gore mistake on the part of Mr. George Chadwick to start the production before the complete testing of the material for its fine-tuning. O.K. by more of ambitions and less of reality, this decision has now seems to backfire as the company is facing strong quality costs.One of the important quality run across tools is called Pareto Analysis.

Children Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Children Rights - Essay ExampleThe club of children in the host on the Rights of the Child can effectively reinforce the implementation of CRC as such participation ensures that the voice of the children is heard all over the world. This international treaty recognizes the human rights of children and the CRC is best maintained when the children are up to(p) to express their views in matters that meet them. The CRC is essentially based on right of humans to survive and develop in the world and the governments are supposed to ensure the maximum possibility for the endurance and development of the children. Child participation is perhaps the most effective means to ensure the rights of the children, although it is greatly challenging endeavor to make certain that children are able to take part in the conservation of the CRC. There are several factors that affect child participation in the CRC such as the traditional perceptions of puerility etc. However, the convention has given significant provision for the participation of children realizing that child participation in the CRC is essential for its effective implementation. The convention sets forth basic standards for the treatment, protection, and participation of children in society and makes a claim for childrens equality with other children and with adults, even as it acknowledges that childhood is uniquely valuable in its own right. The Convention thus embodies claims for a mixture of protective, welfare, moral, and political rights, encapsulated by what has been termed the three ps of childrens rights provision, protection, and participation. (Hobbs, McKechnie, and Lavalette, 1999, p 37). Therefore, the participation of children in the Convention on the Rights of the Child has an essential role in the effective reinforcement of the CRC

Religious discrimination in Lebanon Speech or Presentation

Religious discrimination in Lebanon - Speech or Presentation Example all the same despite the countrys diversity in religious factions, it has not been a beautiful scene in in the countrys emergence over the years due to discrimination based and biased on religious lines (HRW). The discrimination based on religious factions has been evident in the Lebanese political and social structures of the country. Political landscape carries more weight for wrangles based on the very religious discrimination because every faction wants the bigger firearm of the cake of dominance.It can be traced back to the 1860 conflict surrounded by Maronites and the Druze to the old Lebanese civil warfare of 1975-1990 which was as a result of the conflict between the Muslims and the Christians. In the early 19th century around the wake of World War II Lebanese political structure was designed in a way it recognized a historic agreement amongst the Lebanese leaders that political goodwill will be divided a ccording to positions in the political structure in agreed fair proportions for the Christians and Muslims (Khalaf 2013, p.43). This particular political concept in the mid-1970s appeared to be losing ground resulting to hell breaks loose a civil war that was seen to be a sort of competition for power between the majority Muslims and the minority ruling Christians.Before the old Lebanese civil war that was in every way a struggle between the Sunni Islam and the Christians was a Druze and Maronite (Christians) conflict (Khalaf 2013, p.65). The conflict happened in the mid 18nth century in the north of Mount Lebanon welkin entailing the rebellion of Christians Maronites peasants against the Druze lords that spread to the south and as a result more than 20,000 Christians were killed, 370 Christian villages destroyed and a large number of churches destroyed (Sisk 2011, p.109). Maronite peasants were against the heavy taxes and feudalistic practices

Feelings towards Essay Example for Free

Feelings towards EssayAll end-to-end this scene there are various indications most the rising tension caused by Eddies feelings towards his niece Catherine. It begins when Eddie confronts Rodolfo about taking advantage of Beatrice and not treating Eddie with respect. I know, but in your own town you wouldnt just drag off some girl, without permission. Here he is foreground the lack of respect he feels that Rodolfo treats him with. He is referring to Beatrice as some girl, which shows that in Eddies eyes Rodolfo does not see Beatrice as anything special or important. Beatrice (Eddies wife) suspects that Eddies feelings towards Catherine are un-natural and contributes throughout this scene to the rise in tension. Well he didnt exactly drag her off though, Eddie. This would annoy Eddie, as he is not receiving any support, she is also dictum that Catherine is independent and chose to go with Rodolfo which would raise tension further. When Eddie tells Rodolfo that he is simply he r uncle, Beatrice pounces on this and retorts Well then, be an uncle then.The others would take this at face value, however Beatrice is referring to Eddies un-natural affection for Catherine, which willing shock Eddie. Marco then issues a challenge to Eddie, asking him to say what Rodolfo has done wrong. Eddie says that Catherine was never out on the street till twelve oclock at darkness before Rodolfo came. Marco instantly tells Rodolfo that he must come home early now. By saying this Marco has eliminated the supposed problem, which leaves Eddie with no problem in which he flowerpot camouflage his desirousy. Now that Eddie has no more problems but has a dented ego.He begins to create new problems, however he disguises them so that these problems are comprehend as concern for Rodolfo I mean suppose he gets hit by a car, wheres his papers, who is he, you know what I mean? Beatrice states that the same risk is generated during the sidereal day when he is at work. Here we see th at Eddie is holding back a voice full of anger almost like a car revving up. This uncomplicated action is showing the rise in tension as a result of Eddies problem. Eddie now retreats to his rocking chair, showing that he is fighting a losing battle. As Eddie is instruction his paper, awkwardness is felt in the room.Catherine reacts by putting the record Paper Doll on the title in itself indicates the song content. Then Catherine is overcome with confusion/revolt and asks Rodolfo to dance, causing Eddie to freeze and feel uncomfortable. Rodolfo realises this and refuses to dance however Beatrice and Catherine soon persuade him. As Eddie burns a hole through Rodolfos back he asks, Whats this, a new record? Eddie has heard this song many times before, however he is no hearing it through new ears, new jealous ears. When Marco reveals that Rodolfo is a very good cook, Eddie finds this amusing and mockingly says, Its wonderful.He sings, he cooks, he could make dresses. Thus making a nother dig at Rodolfo, implying that he has homosexual tendencies. Rodolfo mistakenly takes this as a compliment and smiles thankfully. This is another opportunity for Eddie to put Rodolfo down and he says that he should not be working on the boats but instead working in a dress shop. Yet again he phrases it so that it may be perceived as a compliment. During this speech he unconsciously twists his newspaper into a tight roll, which gives an insight into his somewhat angered/resentful thoughts and also symbolises the rise in tension.

The Road-Father Son Relationship Essay Example for Free

The Road-Father Son Relationship EssayThe Road by Cormac McCarthy, the man protects and guides the boy during their trudge to the south. However, in the story, they act more as companions than father and son, and the man treats the boy as an equal both in action and dialogue. Chased by cannibals, the boy he man seeks to defend the boy from both the cannibals and scavenge food for them to survive. As the man and boy trek down the road, cannibals closely hunt them and they often escape by hiding or by retreating away. The man often plunders empty houses, trying to find food and clothes for them.The man is successful, finding crate upon create of canned goods (McCarthy 138). Tomatoes, peaches, beans, apricots, canned ham, vulcanized beef, etc. (McCarthy 138) provides the food the man and the boy eats. The man carries a pistol with him used to shield them from cannibals. Before the man dies, he gives the boy the pistol, obese him to keep the gun with you at all times. You need to find the good guys but you cant take any chances. (McCarthy 278). As mentioned before, the man and boy bring more as friends than relatives..At the beginning of The Road, when the man first woke hed reach out to touch the boor sleeping beside him to confirm the childs well-being. The man will read me the boy a story (McCarthy 7) and held the boy close to him (McCarthy 29). The boy demonstrates great maturity as he cares for the man by reminding him to pour the hot water back and pour some of the cocoa into his own (McCarthy 34) and constantly reminding the man to take heed of his health. Eventually, after the man dies, he was wrapped in a blanket (McCarthy 286) and the boy sat beside him and he the boy

Great Expectations, Romeo and Juliet and To Kill a Mocking Bird Essay Example for Free

corking Expectations, Romeo and Juliet and To Kill a Mocking Bird EssayGreat Expectations, To Kill a Mocking Bird, and Romeo and Juliet are all very diverse pieces of literature. Each piece of literature is unique to one another, but they all address common denotationistics and themes. All of the works include a key character that gains understanding of himself resulting from events in his life that caused confusions or prejudice.Pip, the main character of Great Expectations, learns a great amount resulting from confusion in his life. His confusion is caused by his turn in for Estella, a beautiful and proper girl of the upper-class. Pip becomes intrigued by Estella the moment Ms. Havisham, Estellas guardian, has him over to visit. Ms. Havisham encourages and strengthens Pips feeling for Estella by always reminding him of Estellas beauty and intelligence. As Pip grows older, his love for Estella never fades. Pip becomes confused when Estella makes him think that he may have a happening with her when in reality she doesnt love him at all. Estella is incapable of loving because Ms. Havisham taught her to hide her affection and love and to never open up to a man. one time Pip realizes that he will never marry Estella he learns never to set his mind on one thing and that he must lionize an open mind.Jem, the main character of To Kill a Mocking Bird, learns a lot from the prejudice he must experience in his life resulting from a trial his dad is involved in. Jems dad is defending a black man who was accused of raping a young girl in townsfolk. This is especially ambitious for Jem because he is growing up in a very racist southern town and time. Even though the majority of the people in the town know the black man is innocent, his color causes them to discriminate against him and accuse him as being guilty. The things Jem must experience as a result of the trial, such as getting beat up by a grown man, teach him many things about his life. He learns to give every person a chance no matter what their race, gender, or any other classifying features are. Most authorizedly, Jem learns to never cower down from what he believes in and to never give up.Juliet, the main character of the licentiousness Romeo and Juliet, also learns a lot from the confusion in her life. Romeo and Juliet fall in love at first sight. Unfortunately Romeo and Juliet must express their love in secretbecause their families are arch enemies. Juliet becomes confused a number of times throughout the play because she is put in the position of choosing between her devotee and her family. For example, when Romeo kills Juliets cousin, she doesnt know who to side with. Juliet decides to go against her family and quickly forgive Romeo. She figures love is the most important thing. Juliet learns that to be happy you must follow your heart. Even though the play ends in tragedy, the only thing that would make Juliet happy was to be with Romeo, even if it was in the afterl ife.As one can see Pip, Jem, and Juliet all learned important lessons from their experiences. The confusion in Pip and Juliets lives and the prejudice in Jems cause them all to come to conclusions about themselves and their lives. Overall, the lessons each character learned helped them to become a intermit person who was more aware of himself.

History of Catherine II of Russia

History of Catherine II of RussiaCatherine II of RussiaCatherine II of Russia who is comm wholly referred as Catherine the corking was the Russian Empress from 1762 until her ending in 1796. Catherines real names were Yekaterina II Velikaya. She was in the category of the Enlightened despots who were rulers influenced by the enlightened principles that embraced apparitional tolerance, freedom of speech, press and property.Catherine was born as Sophie Augusta Fredirica to her father Christian August., the Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst and her mother Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein Gottorp. She thus was from a noble family. She received her program line from a French governess and included other tutors. Catherines parents were heartfelt Lutherans.In 1745 she was to married to Tsar Peter of Holstein Gottorp becoming the Princess. Because of her intake to get married and become a princess, she abandoned her fathers religion and rather converted to Orthodox Church. The eminent marri get on with also forced her to learn French, which she did with so much effort to an extent that she got a severe pneumonia attack, because of walking unshod in her bedroom repeating the Russian lessons.Her and her husband Peter settled in the Palace of Oranienbaum. Unfortunately her husband was immature and impotent and became unfaithful to her. This lastly led to the breakup of their marriage.Catherine read widely on and befriended many powerful political groups that opposed her husband. Empress Elizabeth died on 1762 and Peter succeeded her to become Peter III of Russia. This do them move to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. Automatically Catherine became the Empress. By then they had a son named Paul who was the heir-apparent in case of the fathers death.In July of that year, there was a bloodless coup where Peter was dethroned by the Leib Guard who were the military personal guards of the Emperor of Russia. The throne was bequeathed to Catherine she reigned till she died in 1796 . afterward 6 months as a Prince and three days after disposition, Peter III died at Ropsha.Catherine the great was truly intelligent, hardworking and had a very strong will. Her ambition to become the Empress of Russia saw her strike sharply at those who seemed to try and replace her with the rightful heir of the throne, Paul her eldest son. In her reign Catherine broadened Russian Empires boarders two to the south and the north absorbing new Russia, Crimea, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus and Courland.Catherine was eventually able to expand the Russian territory to 518,000 kilometer squared. This was not an easy task bearing in mind that the expansion was at the expense of the Ottoman Empire and the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth. She was able to achieve all this by means of a very crafty statesman named Nikita Panin.In her initial years of her reign, Catherine directed most of her efforts towards making her position in the throne more stable. This was to enable her have an exte nded hitch of peace in order for her to be effective in other domestic affairs and irrelevant affairs. She understood the essence of a cautious foreign policy, which Panin did on her behalf. Panin fell out with her after his plans to counter the power of the Bourbon and Habsburg who had formed a league failed.It was not until 1764 that she felt secure and stable enough to survive working on reformation towards improving social conditions in Russia. For such expansive reformation Catherine utilized the ideas of the enlightenment. It was through such ideas that she undertook to change Russias sexagenarian legal system that was inefficient because it was based on the code of laws that dated from 1649.Towards this end she came up with a proposal she called The instructions which was circulated through out atomic number 63 and turned out to be a sensation. This is because it provided for a very advanced level of legal system. The legal system was to be enshrined on the principles of equal fortress and prevention of criminal acts. This was as opposed to the previous method of meting out harsh punishment.In 1767 Catherine formed a legislative commission to revise the elder laws using The instruction as the basis. The commission failed the set purpose leading to the suspension of the review. After Panin fell out with Catherine in 1781, she replaced him with Alexander Bezborodko who was a Ukrainian born councilor.Because of her ideas from the Enlightment, Catherine commissioned the Court betskoy whose sole purpose was to draw up plans to ensure the provision of teaching method for all boys and girls through out Russia. The type of education she advocated for was the European style. As a result of her efforts schools and universities were established throughout Russia. This led to the foundation, for the first fourth dimension of special girls schools in Russia. This also led to the establishment of a medical college whose sole purpose was to provide adequate he alth care for all the citizens. One good example is the Smolny Institute for girls, which was founded in St. Petersburg.Catherine rarely apply violence to consolidate power and strengthen her grip on Russia. However, she resorted to other methods that usually proved very effective. For example during her time the church had become preferably powerful, to weaken it she seized the churchs wealth and then employed the clergy as state employees.Foreign affairs demanded much of her attention between 1768 and1774. Catherine made Russia as the most powerful empire during this time. This came about after the first Russo-Turkish war against the Ottoman Empire. This war included the Battle of Chesma (1770) and the battle of Kagul (1770).This war began after Catherine send Russian troops to support her former raw sienna Stanislaw Poniatowski, who she wanted to suppress a revolt that had come about because of Russias influence in Poland. The mutation got support from Turkey and Austria. How ever, after two years lengthy negotiations with Turkey led to ceasefire. Catherine was very persuasive which came in handy at this time.This enabled Russia gain a foothold on the Black Sea. Acquisition of the right to the Black Sea was an important milestone. This was because Russian merchant ships acquired the right of sea whereby they could sail and passing through the Dardanelles which was an important European waterway.Also from the negotiations the vast steppes of modern South Ukraine were incorporated in the Russia Empire. In 1783 Catherine, in her quest for expansion annexed the Crimea, this led to the second Russo- Turkish war (1787-1792) where the Ottoman Empire sort to regain the lands it had lost to Russia during the first Russo Turkish war (1768-1774).The Ottoman troops lost miserably which led to the sign language of the Treaty of Jassy. The treaty led to the end of the Second war and led to the confirmation of Russias dominance in the Black Sea. This was because from t his treaty Russias assign to the Crimea was legitimatized.In 1773 in the Volga River Basin a peasant revolt led by Cossack started but was crushed by the Imperial forces when Cossack was captured in 1774, this was the only time that peace was realized for some time which enabled Catherine concentrate on domestic affairs, especially affairs that concerned the functioning of the government. It was during this time that the education standards were raised.Catherine played a very important role in shaping the role of Russia in the field of diplomacy. In the European foreign issues, Russia under Catherine played a very instrumental role in mediating on disputes that sometimes led to war. She mediated in the War of the Bavarian succession (1778-1779), between Prussia and Austria. It was through Catherine also that Russia witnessed the equipment failure of Poland, where all the commonwealth territory with Prussia and Austria were divided.After all these expansion Russia turned into a vas t empire that was in position to compete with other European neighbors.On the art and sciences scene, Catherine played a critical role. She viewed art and science as a means through which Russia could be recognized as a civilization centre.St Petersburg was turned into a great and dazzling capital. Through her patronage, theatre, music, painting and other form of art improved tremendously. She developed a manual for the education of children which she borrowed from the ideas of John Locke a famous English Philosopher.She established the famous Smolny Institute. It was established for the purpose of educating ladies from noble families and rich merchants. This institute became one of the best institutes not only in Russia, but the whole of Europe as well.Catherine was a prolific writer and exchanged ideas and correspondence leading philosophers and writers like Voltaire and Diderot. She wrote plays, fables Satires and memoirs.The Russian age of age of Imitation happened during her re ign where the Russians imported and studied the classical works from Europe.She spent millions of Rubles to build the Hermitage art collection. Today, Hermitage Museums that occupies the whole of the Winter Palace is one of the largest Museums in the serviceman with one of the largest art collections totaling to over three million.Despite her great support of art, during her reign there was censorship of the press and publications and sometimes writers were exiled. For example Radishcev after print The Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow which addressed the poor leaving standards of the peasant serfs, he was exiled to Siberia.After converting from Lutheran to Orthodoxy, Catherine became indifferent to religion. Thus she never hesitated to suppress any religious dissent and never allowed dissenters to build chapels. However she exploited the Christian faith by promoting the protection of Christians under the Turkish rule. This was to ensure the weakening of the Ottoman Empire.Aft er the partitioning of Poland she sort to control the Roman Catholics. On the other hand, Russia became a safe haven for The Society of Jesus whose members were running away from the persecution of Jesuits across Europe.Catherine the Great personal life was characterized by multiple lovers. She had a total of around 13 lovers in her reign that included Alexander Potemkin. Potemkin was a former lover who she had fallen off with but he continued to select future lovers for her.Catherine was kind to her lovers even after breaking up with them. She had a reputation of recognise them handsomely.Works CitedAlexander, John.T Catherine II, Bubonic Plague, and the Problem of Industry in Moscow The American Historical Review, Vol. 79, No.3. (Jun, 1974), pp.637-671.Cruse, Mark. The memoirs of Catherine the Great. New York Modern Library, 2005.Dukes, Paul. Catherine the Great and the Russian Nobility A subscribe Based of the Legislative Commission of 1767.Cambridge at the University Press, 19 67Haslip, Joan. Catherine the Great A Biography .New York G.P Putnams, 1977Rasmussen, Karen Catherine II and the Image of Peter I Slavic Review, Vol. 37, No. 1. (Mar., 1978), pp.51-69.Thomas, Gladys Scott. Catherine the Great and the expanding upon of Russia. London The English Universities Press, 1947Waters, Brenda Meehan-Catherine the Great and the Problem of Female Rule Russian Review, Vol. 34, No. 3. (Jul., 1975), pp.293-307.

Effect of Body Mass and Cord Length on Bungee Jump Motion

Effect of Body Mass and Cord Length on bungee stack Jump MotionThe physics behind bungee springTo what extent a ashess mass and length of the pile affect the Bungee jump motion?Dhouha KhammassiAbstr subprogramThis essay investigates a dusts motion during a bungee jump in order to answer the question To what extent a systems mass and length of the cord affect the Bungee jumping motion? the investigation takes place with comparing three antithetical bungee cords s performance in two simulation laboratory proves. The first is to check the relation between the bungee jumping cord and its relation to Hookes law and finding its stretchyized limit. The second is to inspect the motion in terms of velocity and acceleration c fluxes with varying the fish of the body committed to the cord and changing the length of the cord, since they ar the f sufficeors to be considered in the research question.IntroductionScope of workThe vine jumpers of Pentecost Island in Vanuatu inspired t he spot of Bungee jumping, as it was viewed by way of a observance of passage to manhood. It is about jumping from a high point such as a bridge, a building or a crane attached to nylon braided, rubber shock cord. It is from a fixed structure most of the time but it is possible to do it from an object floating in the air, for example, a contemptible crane or a hot air balloon. It became a popular sport the last two decades in the United States of America where peck do it for the sake of the excitement and adrenaline pumping sensations. Of course this sport involves a lot of risk and most of the possibilitys occurring atomic number 18 from miscalculations in the length of the elastic cord, which leads to many awful accident when people end up landing on the surface or the cord collapses, it occurred to my mind that exploring such a occurrence might be very interesting.ObjectiveIn this essay I aim to look at the physics behind Bungee parachuting. The aim of this essay is to inv estigate the factors affect the bungee jump motion. I will be exploring the stages that the bungee jump goes through and the factors affecting it allowing a safe landing but exciting at the same time. This involves data logging from laboratory experiments and graphing data with analysis. Exploring this matter cigaret easily make connections between fundamental concepts of physics and real world phenomena Bungee Jumping. Therefore attempting to answer, To what extent a bodys mass and length of the cord affect the Bungee jumping motion?Background information preventive of Bungee jumpingThere is no doubt that a thrilling from a height usually more than forty-five meters carries its own risk and potful be very dangerous, Bungee jumping is like most adrenaline pumping sports, when done wrong, net be hazardous and even lethal.Bungee jumping mishaps can occur because of faulty equipment or regardless of safety measures, the injuries that could have been avoided are human errors when th e body strapping fails due to improper attachment or flawed harness, Chris Thomas is an example of this horrible incident, he died during a charity jump in Swansea, Wales because of his weight1. Another case is cord length miscalculation and the jumper ends up hitting the ground or the bungee cord just snapped, similarly to what happened to Erin Langworthy, an Australian woman who almost drowned with her feet tied together in Zambezi River at capital of Seychelles Falls2. In 1989, this activity was banned in France and one state in Australia afterwards three people faced their death3. And many other incidents causing people to collapse on concrete and suffer from extreme cranial trauma or even die because the rope was too long, that actually happened to Matthew E. Coleman4, who died at an hap World bungee jump.However, unavoidable injuries might occur, minor injuries such as skin burn, which is triggered through gripping the cord, happen when Bungee jumpers do not act accordingly to the guidelines given. Some of them stated that they got slapped in the face by the cord.Other mores knockout injuries such as eyesight damage or temporary retina haemorrhage5, strokes and traumatic carotid artery dissection happened to fit and healthy youth.But injury inflicted by the cord, such as choking to asphyxiation, appears not to happen. This can be explained by a combination of factors, including the cords minimal torsional stiffness. Also, the minor pendulum motion keeps the cord from contacting the jumper and tangling or strangling him,No modern-day jump site has seen any serious entanglement, and it is noteworthy that many participants enjoy somersaulting during the free fall without any harm or disaster occurring.Principle components in the physics of Bungee jumpingTo allow the bungee jumping motion to occur the person jumps from a high surface and the cord stretches as he is moving downwards, this demonstrates the cords elasticity, which can be defined as the abil ity of a body or the cord, in this case, to oppose a force exerted on it and change shape and coat and to return to its same characteristics when the strain is re egg ond.The law of elasticity, Hookes law, determined by Robert Hooke, an English scientist in 1660, which states that, for relatively small deformations of an object, the displacement or size of the filename extension is directly proportional to the deforming force applied.Under these conditions the object returns to its original shape and size upon removal of the load.If the force exerted exceeds a certain amount, known as the elastic limit, it would create a permanent deformation to the body even when there is no force applied on the body. The elastic limit differs from a body to another because both of the resistance to stress and it depends on what the body is made of. Elastic materials expand thinner and thinner until rupturing at their breaking point.The strength of materials is the beat of a bodys capacity to be ar strain and stress. Stress is the internal force applied by a segment of an elastic body upon the connecting part and strain is the dimensions deformation caused by stress. Elastic materials are the materials whose stress disappears after the exerted force is removed.In bungee jumping the cord is subjected to pull, this is identified as tension. When the cord has weight attached and it is being pushed, this is known as a compressive stress. During the jump, the external forces twist the body around an axis, it is known as the torsional stress.Experiment 1 Hookes LawThis experiment is carried out to calculate the elasticity of the bungee cord and its elastic limit.VariablesIndependent variablesThe force exerted on the bungee cordDependent variableThe extension of the cord due to the force appliedControl variableThe same bungee cord used for different weightsShape of the weight usedHeight of the cord from the groundApparatus UsedSince the Hookes law experiment apparatus is usually e quipped with a retort stand, which is a stand that has a ruler and a pointer attached to the spring, but since I am using a bungee cord instead of the spring, I used a regular clamp and I had seven different masses labeled 0.1 kg, a digital measuring outdo with 0.01 kg uncertainty, three different car bungee cords purchased at the local hardware shop, a ruler0.0005m and a flat surface to perform the experiment on.MethodFirst of all, I measure the length of the car bungee cord is provided with two hooks at each of the extremities, therefore I hang the cord with one hook on the clamp, I measure the weight holder then I hang it to the bottom hook line the I add one weight cylinder, afterwards I carefully measure the length of the cord. Next I measure each weight on the home base and I measure the extension on the cord each time the weight is added. All the measurements are recorded during the experiment.Experiment 2 Bungee Jumping SimulationVariablesIndependent variablesLength of the cordThickness of the cordForce applied to the cordDependent variableTime taken to complete a bungee jumpVelocity of the bodyAcceleration of the bodyControl variableThe same bungee cord used for different weightsShape of the weight used, using the same set of weightsHeight of the weights from the motion sensor, it is controlled by placing the Vernier motion sensor on a laboratory chair with the ability to move it around and adjust its height.Apparatus UsedVernier motion sensor connected to a computer with a data logging software6 installed which will be crucial for more accurate timing and graphing purposes than manual timing. Also, the same Bungee cords used in the previous Hookes law experiment are used since characteristics are already measured and this experiment is relating to the previous one, a meter ruler can be used to insure that the apparatus is perpendicular style to the motion sensor. Blu-tack and tape is also needed.MethodA clamp is put on a flat surface, to prevent it from falling I and the bungee cord is hung from it with the weight holder suspended at the bottom of the cord, both of the hooks attached to both ends of the cord are secured with Blu-Tack to prevent the apparatus from falling and act as the harness in this simulation. The Vernier motion sensor is put on the laboratory chair, and before starting the experiment, activate the motion sensor and levitate the cord with the suspended weight holder to test the sensitivity of data logging and test the range of motion detection. Afterwards the weight is elevated to the scratch line of the cord and it is released with minimum to no force. This step is repeated by adding weights and the weights are secured with a thin strip of tape to avoid them falling off.ConclusionBibliographyAussie Plunges into wild Waters after Bungy Cord Snaps. N.p., 9 Jan. 2012. Web.BERSA. Bersa. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2014.Bungee Jumping. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Nov. 2014. Web. 18 Nov. 2014.Elasticity. The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. N.p. Columbia UP, 2014. Print.Fatal Bungee Jump Was accident BBC News. BBC, 25 Feb. 2005. Web. 19 Nov. 2014.For Thrills, Lovers and Others Leap. The New York Times. The New York Times, 30 July 1991. Web. 19 Nov. 2014.Hookes Law. Encyclopedia Britannica. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2013.Hookes Law The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. N.p. Columbia UP, 2012. Print.Injuries Resulting from Bungee-cord Jumping. ANNALS OF EMERGENCY euphony 22.6 (1993) 1060-063. Print.PhysicsLAB Springs Hookes Law. PhysicsLAB Springs Hookes Law. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2014.Relatives Grieve after Fatal Bungee Accident. Baltimore Sun. N.p., 16 May 2000. Web. 19 Nov. 2014.Strength of Materials. The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. N.p. Columbia UP, 2012. Print.11 Fatal Bungee Jump was accident BBC News. BBC, 25 Feb. 2005. Web. 19 Nov. 2014.2 Aussie Plunges into Raging Waters after Bungy Cord Snaps. N.p., 9 Jan. 2012.Web3 For Thrills, Lovers and Others Leap. The New York Times. T he New York Times, 30 July 1991. Web. 19 Nov. 2014.4 Relatives Grieve after Fatal Bungee Accident. Baltimore Sun. N.p., 16 May 2000. Web. 19 Nov. 2014.5 Injuries Resulting from Bungee-cord Jumping. ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE 22.6 (1993) 1060-063. Print.6 Logger Pro 3. Portland, Or. Vernier Software, 2003. Computer software.

Compensation and Benefits: Minimizing the Employee Turnover

earnings and Benefits Minimizing the Employee derangementCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 Background of StudiesEmployee disturbance is the hottest and current deals outlet that always discusses by the government, since we argon confronted with the global economic crisis on 2008. The crisis of economic is presently touch to the corporation, especi totallyy the production line and manufacturing comp every(prenominal). The unexpected crisis provide arise in the employee overturn compute happened no matter for the voluntary or instinctive case and it achieved the spunkyest rate within the past 20 years in Malaysia as intimately. therefore, variant than the efforts and measurements had been taken by the government want donated sustention fund to southary industry, the efforts of employers ar vital to minimize the employee derangement.On the opposite hand, the advance k this instantledge likes the significant of the recompense and benefits case toward the employee and the pr eference of employees toward the different types of the pay and benefits package argon necessary to implant and infuse to all the employers in drift to retain their quality workers. There atomic phvirtuoso number 18 whatever factors be directly influenced to the employee disturbance in the real working(a) environment. The employers pull up stakes enjoy the benefits if they manage to retain their employees or minimize the employee swage puzzle by implementing the felicitously allowance and benefits package.The higher employee turnover rate is considering the severely business to a particular(prenominal) country because it is absolutely bringing oppose effects in progressing maturation. The employee turnover rate definitely cannot be terminated, simply I really wish that this problem can in full minimize. I potently cogitate that the salary and benefits ways might be able to minimize the employee turnover in the working place.1.2 IntroductionTurnover rate is consi dering the severely problem to a particular country because it is absolutely bringing negative effects in progressing development. The employee turnover rate definitely cannot be terminated, but I sincerely wish that this problem can be fully minimized. I strongly believe that the wages and benefits ways might be able to minimize the employee turnover in the working place.This interrogation is link up to how the compensation and benefits way in minimizing the employee turnover rate. In fact, compensation and benefits play a vital business office in retaining the employees in an presidency. Compensation and benefits can be delineate as the ferment that taken by the Human Resource charge on every hotshot solar day like setting the rules and procedures around the salaries, a direct way as cash paid and indirect way like given benefits to the employees. This fragment is super mentioned in the employment contract and bear on by the employees as well.On the early(a) hand, com pensation and benefits can be taken as different meaning from the perspective of a member of society, a stockholder, a manager, or an employee. Therefore, let us recognize the meaning by each perspective of the group. Compensation and benefits can be seen as a reflection of justice in society stockholders be to a fault interested in how employees argon paid. Some believe that using stock to pay employees creates a signified of ownership that bequeath improve put to deathance, which pull up stakes, in turn, increase stockholder wealth for managers compensation influences their success in two ways. First, it is a major expense and second is the power to influence employee behaviors and to improve the arrangements exercise the pay individuals receive in sacrifice for the work they perform is usually the major source of their financial security. Hence, pay plays a vital role in a persons economic and neighborly well- cosmos. Employees whitethorn see compensation as a return in an ex variegate mingled with their employer and themselves, as an entitlement for being an employee of the company, or as a reward for a job well done (Milkovich and Newman, 2008).Employees will emphasize much to the compensation and benefits that provide by the boldness or company because they contribute their times, efforts, talents and they wish to get better return in compensation and benefits. The compensation and benefits package for the employees is like the exchange value between the employer and employee. The employers offer the benefits packages such as health c be, dep oddityent burster, income protection and so on to mitigate t employees no matter for current or coming(prenominal) risk. The employees contribute their efforts in order to appreciate the compensation and benefits package that offered by the employers. Compensation and benefits include pay received directly as cash (for example base, merit, incentives, cost-of-living adjustment) and indirectly as bene fits (for example pensions, medical insurance, program to succor residuum work and life demands, brightly colored uniforms (Milkovich and Newman, 2008).Nowadays, the employees be more(prenominal) emphasizing to cash compensation but there are still quite numbers racket of employees prefer to non-cash compensation like benefits. Employees whitethorn concern to what packages occupy been offered by the employers and ultimately increase their self-wealth. Employees may have different preferences towards the compensation and benefits package because it takes as the motivation tool to them if it can suit or fit to them. It is crucial to all the employers in understanding the preferences of employees toward the compensation and benefits package because they are come from diverse genders, religious, geographic location, and age and so on. The employers might be able to retain the workers if apply the proper compensation and benefits to the employees.Employees a great deal appetite t o get a generously and fair compensation and benefits package for their own arithmetic mean because it will directly influence to employees job cheer. Meandarn, this factor will lead to employees turnover if they thought they didnt deserve expectation returns. Therefore, compensation and benefits is the deep knowledge that should implant to all the employees because it will definitely uphold them to retain their workers.Apart from that, employee turnover can be defined as the number of permanent employees leaving the company within the reported period versus the number of actual Active Permanent employees on the last day of the previous reported period ( corporeal headcount). The number of leavers, that are included in Employee Turnover, only includes natural turnover (resignations, termination, retirement, etc.) it does not reflect any redundancies. Planned redundancies are reported and apologizeed separately if relevant for employee turnover (Laurus Nobilis, 2008). Mobley ( 1982) defines employee turnover as the gross voluntary cessation of membership in an organization by an individual who receives monetary compensation for participating in that organization. This definition primarily focuses on separation from an organization rather than on accession, transfer, or different. Besides, employee turnover can be also defined as the number of workers who leave from their workplace under certain circumstances. exclusively the organizations will definitely encounter with the employee turnover because it is unavoidable and inevitable but manageable. Employee turnover can be categorized as voluntary and involuntary turnover. Voluntary turnover occurs when employees leave the organization deliberately (i.e. quitting) this can be contrasted with the involuntary turnover, which occurs when employees leaving the organization with knocked out(p) choosing to do so (i.e. being fired or laid off) (Lee, Weller, Trevor, 2008). sometimes voluntary turnover happened because the employees desire to seek more salary, while the involuntary happened when they are considered as redundant capital. Therefore, compensation and benefits might be able to influence the voluntary turnover as the cost and expenses will be incurred or increase if voluntary turnover happened in particular organization. The organizations have to spend more costs to provide training and development and seeking for the red-hotborn employees if they are not able to retain their employees.1.3 Hi romanceIn English, compensation means something that counterbalances, offset, or make up for something else. However, if we look at the origin of the backchat in different languages, we get a sense of the richness of the meaning, which combines entitlement, return, and reward.In China, the traditional characters for the forge compensation are based on the symbols for logs and water compensation provides the necessities in life. In the recent past, the state owned all enterprises and co mpensation was treated as an entitlement. In todays China, compensation takes on a more shrewd meaning. A new discourse, dai yu, is use. It refers to how you are being treated- your wages, benefits, training opportunities, and so on. When people talk about compensation, they ask each other about the dai yu in their companies. quite a than assuming that everyone is entitled to the same treatment, the meaning of compensation now included a broader sense of returns as well entitlement.Compensation in Japanese is kyuyo, which is make up of two separate characters ( kyu and yo), both(prenominal) meaning giving something. Kyu is an honorific used to indicate that the person doing the giving is someone of high rank, such as a feudal lord, an emperor, or a samurai leader. Traditionally, compensation is thought of as something has given by ones superior. Today, business consultants in Japan try to substitute the word hou-syu, which means reward and has no associations with notions of sup eriors. The many allowances that are part of Japanese compensation systems translate as teate, which means taking care of something. Teate is regarded as compensation that takes care of employees financial leases. This concept is consistent with the family, housing, and commuting allowance that are still used in many Japanese companies.These contrasting ideas about compensation- octuple views (societal, stockholder, managerial, employee, and point global) and multiple meanings (returns, rewards, entitlement) add richness to this topic (Milkovich and Newman, 2008). That is the reason why compensation and benefits are more emphasized by the employers because it is essential in minimizing the employee turnover.1.4 explore Objective1.4.1 To identify the relationship between compensation and benefits in minimizing the employee turnover.The inquiry conducted on the link between dissatisfaction with the pay and voluntary turnover appears to be inconclusive. look (1991) recommended t hat the about crucial reason for voluntary turnover is regarding to higher wages/career opportunity. There is an inverse relationship between relative wages and turnover (i.e. establishments with higher relative pay had lower turnover) (Martin, 2003). Salary addition had a pronounced effect on turnover in the studies that related to compensation. Particularly, salary growth effects on turnover were greatest for high performers, that is, high salary growth significantly reduced turnover for high performing employees. Compensation and benefits package are defined in this remove as it assistants to retain the workers and minimize the turnover rate (Park, Ofori-Dankwa, Bishop, 1994 Trevor, Barry, Boudreau, 1997).1.4.2 To identify the preference of components of compensation and benefits toward the employees. correspond to Milkovich and Newman, (2008) the employees contribute their efforts in order to appreciate the compensation and benefits package that offered by the employers. C ompensation and benefits include pay received directly as cash (for example base, merit, incentives, cost-of-living adjustment) and indirectly as benefits (for example pensions, medical insurance, program to help balance work and life demands, brightly colored uniforms. The employees might have different types of preference based on their requirements. Some of them will prefer to directly as cash but some of them will prefer to indirectly as benefits. The preference of components of compensation and benefits are defined in this champaign as it helps to distinguish their desired needs and retain the talented workers in an organization.1.4.3 To identify the significant of the compensation and benefits package toward the employees. kick in and pay-related variables have a modest effect on turnover (Griffeth et al, 2000). Their investigation also integrated studies that examined the relationship between pay, a persons performance and turnover. They concluded that when high performers a re inadequately rewarded, they will choose to leave an organization. Milkovich and Newman (1999) stated that where collective reward programs substitute individual incentives, their introduction may tend to higher turnover among high performers. The significant of the compensation and benefits package toward the employees is defined in this deal as the turnover will definitely incur higher cost expenses if an organization may not be able to retain their workers.1.4.4 To identify the advantages if the company able to retain their employees.Employee turnover is a topic of immense importance to prevalent and orphic sector organizations. In part, this importance reflects the tremendous costsfinancial and otherwiseoften associated with the turnover (Staw 1980 Balfour Neff 1993). Financially, turnover may lead to increased force out expensesparticularly in the bowls of recruitment and training (Staw 1980 Balfour Neff 1993). However, employee turnover can also bring about a loss of organisational knowledge, history, and memory (Staw 1980 Moynihan Pandey 2008). Therefore, all those con chronological sequences will not happen if an organization success to retain their employees. The advantage to retain employees is defined in this study as it guarantees to help the bear upon of development.1.4.5 To recognize the satisfaction and expectation of employees in diversified industry that may influence the employee turnover.A theory stated that there are two basic types of needs, which are the need for psychological growth or motivating factors and the need to avoid pain or hygiene factors (Herzberg, 1973). The motivating factors comprise the essentials like achievement and advancement. These are coercive elements that contribute towards job satisfaction and motivation. Hygiene factors such as company or organizational policies, quality of supervision, working condition, salary, relationship with peers and subordinates, status and security are negative elements in H ygienes factors that could cause dissatisfaction at work. The satisfaction and expectation of employees are defined in this study as it plays a vital role in manipulating the employee turnover.1.5 Problem StatementHow to implement compensation and benefits package in order to minimize employee turnover?How to recognize the preference of employees toward the compensation and benefits package?How the important role of the compensation and benefits package to the employees in their real working environment?What benefits for a particular company if the employee turnover rate is low?How to examine the satisfaction and expectation of customers toward their compensation and benefits package?1.6 Scope of StudiesThe scope of studies is focused on the compensation and benefits package that implemented to the employees at several(prenominal)(prenominal) industries because it is efficiency in minimizing the employee turnover. Besides, this re chase is a tendency to the theoretical factors but n ot technological way. Moreover, this look also discussed with the preference of the compensation and benefits package by the employees because everybody has different demands in the real life. This explore provides the knowledge about the factors that lead to employee turnover and the significant of implementing compensation and benefits in retaining the employees. Therefore, the employers must take actions in order to prevent the increment of employee turnover.1.7 Organization of interrogationThis look is basically divided into three principal(prenominal) areasThe first part is books review and the journals that have been lay in will be used. Besides, the journals will assist to identify the role of compensation and benefits to minimize the employee turnover. There are some other independent variables will be examined toward the employee turnover. Moreover, through the reviews, a framework will be developed, a framework will be developed and to understand the variables.Once the framework is being done, a irresolutionnaire will be created to understand the preferences of the compensation and benefits package toward the employees. This questionnaire will then be distributed for results. It will present the significant of the compensation and benefits package in the real working environment.The third part of the seek will be canvas once the cool result of the questionnaire comes with scientifically conclusion and reasons. by and by that, I will formulate some measures in order to make the part become more favourable.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 IntroductionThis chapter discussed about the relationship between compensation and benefits toward the employee turnover. The literatures of the research relevant to this area of study are explored and the same are organized based on the topic of discussion, compensation and benefits, organization culture, supervisor, Job Analysis and job characteristic, and working condition.2.1 Employee TurnoverAccording to Campion, (1991) the turnover principle includes mingled dimensions with the most obvious being whether it is voluntary or involuntary. Although the turnover finis might be classified, but it counts failed to fully consider because it might hide with several but complexity reasons. Additionally, there are some troubles with turnover dimension and lack of agreement on the invoice of voluntary because it depends on who you ask as to why the employee left his or her job. Maertz and Campion (1998) defined the voluntary turnover as the management aspect agrees that the employee had the physical chance to watch employment with the company and at the time of termination as well. There was no impediment to continued employment from physical disablement or from corporation management through the conveyed of voluntaries, such as non-mandatory retirement, quitting for family resettlement, or quitting for a self-perceived more desirable job. That is, even though the employee may know to deterrent is extremely costly but he/she still does the same decision because employee turnover implies with an individual choice. The terminal point of phrase is the further investigation should be carrying out to examine the factors that lead to voluntary turnover because it is extremely incurring more expenses if an organization desire to employ new workers. Besides, this article didnt list out the main reason of involuntary turnover which is reluctant to workers especially during the recession period. The employees were being informed that their organization encountered with this problem severely and forced to leave the organization eventually. Sometimes the employees could be able to contribute more to an organization, but they couldnt to do so. This issue supposes to discuss with all the readers as well as the public.Grifeth and Hom (1994) stated that employee turnover will definitely contribute to the potential benefits and disadvantages for an organization. For instance, dislocation of poor performance, infusion of new knowledge and technology, reducing labor costs when facing stiffer competition, maintaining ties with exiting employees and providing new business ventures, or enhancing promotional opportunities for the remaining staff can be considered as positive ramifications. The negative effects cover economic costs, productivity losses, impaired service quality, lost business opportunities, increased administrative burden and loss of morale among the remaining staff. Employee turnover incurred some influences toward the organization but basically negative effect will definitely more than the positive effect and this is the main reason some organizations are implementing the compensation and benefits package to retain their workers. In addition, employee turnover costs are not only monetary but the company may have also lost the knowledge possessed by the departing employee (Gomez-Mejia et al, 2001). Intelligence and knowledgeable workers are r eally hard to acquire in the market nowadays. Knowledge not only plays the role as the core of competence but is also a value-created device, especially for those organizations that face the global militant challenges in the market. The knowledge that is embodied in serviceman beings (as benignant capital) and in technology has always been central to companies visibleness and economic development. Harnessing new technologies and innovation will be the source of long-term employment and productivity growth for companies and countries in a knowledge-based economy (Noe et al, 2002). The limitation is this article is the negative effect of employee turnover didnt explain widely and brief. We strongly agree that the negative effect is definitely more than the positive effect because it extremely influenced to the development of particular organization. The negative effect has incurred no matter in monetary or non-monetary aspects. The publics are interesting to know how the negative e ffects affect an organization if they didnt retain their talented employees. Hence, the author might list some latest examples to readers about the negative effect toward an organization regard to turnover problems. all the managers of particular organization definitely take some measurements in order to prevent the employee turnover.According to Abassi and Hollman (2000) turnover is the circle of rotation of workers around the labor market between the firms, jobs and occupations and between the states of employment and unemployment. This workforce activity can be diversified into two categories which are voluntary and involuntary turnover. Involuntary turnover can be defined as the dismissal of employees, whereas voluntary turnover occurs when employees resign. Voluntary turnover often results in departing employees migrating to competing firms, creating an even more critical situation, since this knowledge can now be used against the organization. In conformity to Kransdorff (199 6) voluntary turnover has in fact been accelerating over the past decade, as recent studies have shown that employees on just switch employers every six years. This situation demands old management to consider the repercussions of voluntary turnover, and immediately create contingency plans. The turnover of best performers will directly cause the senior management been caught unprepared. Johnson et al (2000) said that operative turnover such as bad performers left and good performers stay can help to reduce sub-optimal organizational performance excessive turnover can be detrimental to the firms productivity. This can result in the loss of business and relationships, and can even make vulnerable the realization of the firms objectives. To compound the negative side-effects of turnover, not all the departing employees are considered sub-optimal performer. According to Abassi and Hollman (2000) dysfunctional turnover (i.e. good performers leave, bad performers stay) damages the orga nization through decreased innovation, delayed services, sluggish implementation of new programs, and degenerated into productivity. Such activity can radically affect the firms ability to flourish in todays competitive economy leaving even the most striving firms unable to succeed due to the inability to retain the right employees. If it is presumed that the smartest and most talented employees are often the most upwardly mobile, then strong organizations may become unable to actualize strategies and complete discern business transactions, if they do not proactively manage their turnover. The limitation in this article is it didnt state out of the measurement to make the employee turnover. In this study, it just examined to us about the voluntary turnover and sorted as functional and dysfunctional turnover. As what the author mentioned in this article, the managers were caught unprepared once this issue happened to them. Therefore, the author supposes to discuss some measurements to deal with the turnover problem after explain the definition and effect to each turnover.Employee loyalty is the foundation of customer satisfaction in the organization (Abassi and Hollman, 2000). While employee loyalty has often enabled firms to retain strong employees, senior management cannot be longer relying on relationships to incentive good workers to stay. Abassi and Hollman (2000) said that eroding employee loyalty is highlighting the importance of attracting and maintaining good people as the pick up to strategic staffing in the modern workplace. This is forcing organizations to revisit their HR practices to meet the diverse needs of the workforce in order to retain strong employees, and therefore, maximize the habitual success of the firm. Abassi and Hollman (2000) highlighted five reasons for employee turnover in the organizationHiring practicesManagerial styleLack of recognitionLack of competitive compensation systems andToxic workplace environments.Morrell (2001) examined that turnover means voluntary cessation of membership of an organization by an employee of that organization. Besides on that, turnover intention is broadly defined as attitudinal ( intellection of quitting), decisional (intention to leave), and behavioral (searching for a new job) processes proceeding with voluntary turnover (Sager et al., 1998 Khatri, 2001). According to Dess (2001) employee turnover incurs some significant costs, both in equipment casualty of direct costs (replacement, recruitment and excerption, irregular staff, management time), and also (and perhaps more significantly) in terms of indirect costs (morale, pressure on remaining staff, costs of learning, product/service quality, organizational memory) and the loss of neighborly capital. Apart from that, employee turnover is a major concern for companies in many Asian countries such as Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Malaysia, and Taiwan (Khatri, Chang, Budhwar, 2001). spherical Reporting Initia tive (GRI) has recognized the importance of workforce turnover as a sustainability issue, which has included turnover as a core social performance indicator in its Sustainability Reporting Guidelines (GRI 2002). Moreover, employee turnover is giving rest little nights to human resource managers in the textile sector of Pakistan. There are two reasons to explain why the textile sector has been selected. Bohla and Hameed (2001) analyzed there is an alarming employee turnover rate i.e. 12%. The textile industry represents Pakistans biggest employer as well as the key sector for the economy having almost 68% of total export income is the largest sector of Pakistan. The limitation in this article is the author didnt list out the employee turnover rate that occurs in Malaysia. The data and statistic are important because it can alert how severely for the case of unemployment that caused by voluntary and involuntary turnover. Besides on that, the author may discuss why the turnover problem s occur severely in Asian countries if compare to Europe? Is it the Asian people encounter with certain troublesome? This issue must fully examine in order to minimize until the lowest percentage.DeBare (2001) examined that one of the major reasons for employee turnover in the retail sector is that stores have effected to be a training ground, allowing the employee an opportunity to gain valuable skills. All new hires of employees such as cashier and general manager that stand in different levels are given extensive training at a majority of larger companies in todays market. Meanwhile, manymid-career individuals are less likely to change directions there has a tendency showed that the criteria such as money, better scheduling, increased or better hours are preferred most by tenderer employees and bear is their tool to secure a position at elsewhere. Besides on that, there has an outlook which determined that the moving from one job to another is utterly conducted among the majo rity of employees especially those younger than 30 if it allows for more pay, and continued growth and development. In addition, the high turnover rate in retail stores attracts potential hires due, more often than not to the revolving door effect. There are always employees coming and going, which allows for opportunities to exist. The limitation in this article is low-career individuals didnt discuss by the author regard to their turnover problems. Most of them desire to seek better pay and benefits package if they feel dissatisfied to what they received currently. The young teenagers are not only seeking for better pay in their job, they also desire to get a more challenging job if compare with those who are 40 years old and above.Lane et.al (1996) discussed that it is interesting to rail line that even though retail and services consist of 20 percent of U.S. jobs, those same sectors create nearly 50 percent of worker turnover. In addition, Lane, (2000) had analyzed that only 1 6.6% of cashier jobs are created as new positions, the remaining 82.4% is related to turnover while 11 low-skill occupations with 6.5 million job openings per year and only 1million are new jobs. Jovanovic (1979) examined that some turnover is required under economic theories of job matching. Therefore, some positive turnover must be beneficial, since it is rational for both employers and workers to continue an employment contract only if the workers productivity is matched by their pay, while mismatches should separate. Dess and Shaw (2001) noted that no organization-level studies have yet supported the curvilinear, inverted U-shaped, cost-benefit prediction. Much more common is the bewildering of a negative link between turnover and performance. Glebbeek and Bax (2004) said that the position has some diverse today because it just with having found signs even though not statistically significant ones, of an inverted U-shaped relationship. According to Harris et.al (2006) found a curvilinear relationship, but at an aggregate level in a cross-firm study using Australian data. Moreover, there is an brisk of usual negative relationship (Shaw, Gupta, Delery, Duffy, Johnson, and Lockhart, 2005). However, unobservable such as the management ability, affect performance and confound the unfeigned turnover-performance link are the difficulty of testing these theories empirically. The limitation in this study is the author do failure in testing other theories that influence to turnover. All the level of publics can understand more toward the factors that lead to turnover if the author success to examine it. In addition, the study cant deliver a cash in ones chips picture to the public about the U-shaped, cost-benefit prediction and so forth. The public couldnt catch the real meaning about this if they just simply glance through the article.According to Gimpelson and Lippoldt (2001) the total turnover rate around the world was 46% in 1998. Besides, the turnover of u n hot workers was high in the mid of 1990s while firms seem that hoarded white-collar labor. Brown and Earle (2003) correspondingly find that labor flows, particularly job destruction and separation in the Russian industrial sector increased in magnitude during the 1990s. The total worker flows were nine percentage points higher in 1999 than in 1990. In addition, the churning rate which defined as the worker flows less the absolute value of employment change was 30-40% during the 1990s. Gimpelson (2004) examined a pursue of 304 Russian industrial enterprise design a explore Study Types of seek and MethodsDesigning a search Study Types of Research and MethodsBasic Concepts of Research1.1 INTRODUCTIONDuring the last two decades and more, the socio-business environment of the world has witnessed dramatic changes in its temper and scope. uphill from a historically economic role, the business organization has evolved in response to the social and political stigma of national public policy, explosive growth in technology, price struggle, competition of new entrants, frequent change in customers taste and desires etc. These factors and more have created new knowledge take for the manager and new problems for social/managerial decision making.In such a complex and uncertain environment, business managers (or social scientists) need to understand how to identify information and to find out the emerging problem to make prompt and effective decision making. The studies of research methods provide the knowledge and skills that the managers/social scientists need to solve the problems and meet the challenges of a fast-paced decision-making environment.In recent years, exploring the research output particularly in the areas of humanities (management studies) and social sciences (economics, commerce, history, sociology, etc.) have been treated as an increasing concern among the researchers. Management is said to be in practice with the dawn of civilization. As a discip line, it is hardly a century old. Starting off as a scientific approach to the organization of things, it borrowed heavily from disciplines like economics, sociology, psychology, mathematics and statistics. Now it is a distinct body of knowledge having the potential for theory and practice. Though management in general is said to encompass the aspects like prep, organizing, staffing, directing and confineling, the discipline has spread itself to the specialized areas recently. Thus there are management concepts as applied to finance, production, human resources, information technology, rural management, operations and marketing. Each of these areas have grown to be a major discipline for research and teaching. In fact, there are number of institutions situated across our countries which are dealing with such issues but still lots of work have to be done.The pre-occupation with methodological analysis is largely peculiar to any discipline of research, particularly in humanity and s ocial science research in India. The first staging post in the life of a young academician is to produce some evidence of creativity. Not only can the route to this be taught, but also attempts to do so take remote from the spirit of independent research. On the other hand, the young researchers need to be fitted out with the basic tools of analysis. Before analyzing the definitions of research, it is worthwhile to discuss some basic concepts related to decision-making.1.2 PROBLEMS OF DECISION-MAKINGFor a common man, decision-making problem requires a choice among alternative course of action so as to achieve the objective(s). The word problem, in a general meaning, reflects that something has gone wrong. There are numbers of alternative course of action among which choice has to made are often called in management discipline as management strategy and in economics as economic decision-making. Presently, the business applications of economics and commerce are attracting more and m ore intellectuals to its fold. No wonder, the queen of social sciences has emerged as the heart of business sciences. Economics and commerce applies its traditional tools and concepts for the better and efficient management of business. Hence, the tools of applied economics and commerce are basically concerned with the application of economics in management decision-making. There is no doubt that it enables the new age managers- the managers of 21st century business enterprises to perform their role of win over and executing complex strategies.While managers have considerable information about the subject for many decisions, they must frequently make decisions in situations in which the outcome of a decision cannot be known in advance. A manager may decide, for example, to invest in a new product development or to increase the level of technology or to change the price of a product and/or any other similar alternatives to increase profits and sales. still after studying hundreds of technical reports, numbers of annual reports of different companies, operable case studies in the literature etc., a manager may still not be in a position with confidence to choose the appropriate alternative(s). Managerial decision making leads to problems like which products are to be produced? what price is to be charged? what quantity of the products are to be produced? what should be the promotional expenditures?, how much would be the investment expenditures?, etc. Thus, decision making is a process of selection from a set of alternative courses of action which is thought to fulfill the objectives of the decision problem more satisfactorily than others.Similarly, a social science researcher at the beginning of a research projects not only in a position to decide which subject area to choose (whether to choose consumer demeanor by analyzing household consumption pattern and household budget or to analyze the effectiveness of various government policies that are meant for removing poverty, unemployment, etc., and/or number of such related alternatives like dowry deaths, women empowerment, women crime, sex ratio etc.), but also what should be the subject area, what should be the methodological analysis, what is the amount of budget available for research, how much time is available with the researcher and so on.It is a widely accepted fact that business decision-making process has become increasingly complicated due to the over growing complexities in the business world more particularly soon after the adoption of the concept of globalization by major economics of the globe. Thus, it requires that the decision master (s) has to come out some basic rules and processes which will help them to make efficient decisions under conditions of risk, uncertainty and complexities. Hence, decision-making problem may be defined as a line of work of identifying the alternative courses of action among a number of alternatives available of achieving given objectiv e(s), then to analyze all the alternatives by collecting required information and at the end choosing the best alternative to achieve the desired objective in most efficient way.The elements of decision making process may beThe decision maker himself/herselfIdentification of the decision problemIdentification of the source or the environment in which the problem exists and need solutionSelecting some alternative courses of action among the workable alternatives andThe final selection of the choice of the alternatives1.3 STEPS OF DECISION-MAKING PROCESSThe researcher (pronounced for decision-maker who may be an executive or research team) while going for decision-making always gets confused, thinking from where to start in order to identify the alternative. Systematic inquiry of the problem is a common and fundamental threat. The process of taxonomic inquiry requires careful planning of an orderly investigation. But there is no hard and fast rule that the decision maker should follow all the go in a sequence that is derived below rather he/she can choose few important ones based on their convenience and requirements of the study. Following are some fundamental steps which may help the decision maker to get the path of searching the alternatives.1. Analyzing the objectivesAt the sign stage of going for identification of a problem the decision maker has to understand completely the mission, vision and the objective of the concerned organization i.e., he/she has to first understand what their organization wants from them (in case of business problem). For instance, if the decision-maker is associated with a private enterprise then he/she has to understand that the motto of their organization is to maximize profit or sale and/or both for achieving rapid growth. On the other hand, a public enterprise not only based on profit maximization but also is based on welfare criteria. Where as in case of social science research the research has to analyse what is the basic purpose of research? Who is the funding agency and what it wants? What the associated persons or institutions expect?, and a number of such related problems.2. Defining the problemThe second step, after the objective(s) been identified, is of defining or identifying the problem. Problem identification is the top most tasks in the process of decision-making. It justifies the adage that a problem well defined is a problem half solved. This adage emphasizes that an orderly definition of the problem (which ultimately leads to decision-making) gives a sense of direction to the existing problem.3. Identifying doable alternative solutionsThe third step in the process of identifying the alternative course of action is of specifying few alternative(s) among the numbers of alternatives selected at the initial stage of research (as discussed in point 1 above). But due to a number of reasons the decision maker cannot choose all the alternatives that is possible to solve the problem rather he/ she has to limit the horizon and should concentrate on a limited alternatives. This requires considering the variables that may put more impact on the problem identified. In such a way, relationship among the variables and with the problems has to be established. Here, various hypotheses can be formulated which will at the end serve as alternative solution of the existing problem.Box-1.1 Narottam Paper Limited and Economic RecessionThe ripple effects of the 2008 Global economic meltdown had begun to hurt the Rupees 2,556 crore of Narottam Paper Ltd. Like all other business houses in India, Narottam Paper Ltd., was also finding the growing tough. The general trend of soaring prices and contraction in demand had started affecting the sale of the company products. Its customers were also focusing on correcting their inventory positions (using existing stocks of materials to keep production lines and marketing activities rolling). Consequently, they were not buying much from the company . level off the investors did not like when they saw- Narottam Paper Ltd., stock fell from Rs. 63.50/- on 1 January, 2008 to a low of Rs. 12.08/- on 18 January 2009. The company was in the midst of Economic crisis.In such a chronic situation of the company, Mr. Partha Sarathi, Managing Director of the company, realized that some strong means must be taken to extricate the company from its present crisis. To this end, Mr. Partha Sarathi held several brainstorming sessions with the companys Research and Development team and finally, identified the focus areas on which decision is needed. The identified areas areNecessity of changing companys strategic planning policiesManaging working capital flowsCutting various costsPaying attention to employee productivitySearching new market potentialsThus from the above case study it is exonerate that the company in wrongly in the trap of economic recession. To combat this recession, the company had identified five alternatives. Solution of eac h of the five alternatives may help the company to achieve its desire objective(s).4. Evaluating alternative course of actionNow, among these alternatives, some alternative requires long time to execute, some may be expensive for the decision-maker to execute, some may go beyond the limit of the decision-maker and the one which satisfies all the criteria of the decision maker. Thus, the decision-maker has to collect relevant data or information on each possible alternative those satisfy all the requirements of the decision-makers, hence, are finalized to solve the existing problem. Data are regarded as the basic input to any decision-making process in both business studies and social science. The processing of data gives statistics of importance of the study. Some data may be available in form of reports published by various government departments, annual reports of the industries, thesis/research publications in various libraries of institutes/universities, etc., are called as seco ndary source of data. Where as, in some case the decision-maker has to collect the sweet-flavored information with the help of various tools of data collection like questionnaire, door-to-door interview, focal group discussion, field study, etc., which are called as primary source of data. The collected data are then coded and entered in computer for execution of the result. Proper tools and techniques of optimization are used for classification and analysis. Techniques such as regression analysis, variable analysis and operation research techniques like linear programming, simulation techniques, etc., are used to obtain a desirable solution. This solution may be one that helps the decision-maker to achieve the desired objective. Now, with this process the decision maker gets optimal solutions to all the possible alternatives that he/she has been identified in the initial stage of research.5. Validation of the resultsAfter the course of action is finalized, now it is time to execu te the action in reality i.e., called as decision-making. The process of validation of results ensures the credibility of the results. This requires constant monitoring so as to achieve the desired result. For this, the decision maker has to consult with the experienced professionals in the related area of study, consultants who are closely associated with such studies, academicians who are carrying on research in the related area(s), etc. The figure 1.1 derived shows the flow chart of the decision-making process showing how the process of decision-making moves in research.1.4 WHAT IS A RESEARCH?Research is a diligent enquiry and careful investigation for new knowledge through systematic, scientific and analytical approach in any branch of knowledge. Constant search and research are the guiding factors of research which helps to acquire new facts (Kumar, 2002). The search for new knowledge also helps to accept or reject or turn existing fact or knowledge that is already available in the existing literature.For a common men, the word research implies a detailed study of a subject especially in order to percolate (new) information or to some it implies in search of a new finding. Where as, the Oxford Advanced Learners mental lexicon defines the word as, a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge. The Random sign of the zodiac Dictionary of the English language defines research as diligent and systematic inquiry or investigation into a subject in order to discover or revise facts, theories, applications etc.The definition of research gets its real meaning with the words of Clifford Woody, who defines it as research is a careful inquiry or query in seeking facts or principles, a diligent investigation to ascertain something.John W. Best in his contribution titled Research in culture opines research as the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to deve lopment of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possibility ultimate control of events.P.M. Cook defines research as it is an honest, exhaustive, intelligent searching for facts and their meaning or implications with reference to given problem. It is the process of arriving at dependable solutions to problems through the planned and systematic collection analysis and interpretation of data. The best research is that which is reliable verifiable and exhaustive so that it provides information in which we have confidence.M. H. Gopal opines as it is essentially a systematic inquiry seeking facts through objective verifiable methods in order to discover the relationship among them and to discover from them broad principles or laws.K. V. Rao visualizes the concept as research is an intensive and purposeful search for knowledge and understanding of social and physical phenomena. It is a method for the discovery of true values in a scientific way. It is not merely an accumulation of knowledge but a critical and scientific analysis of social facts and formulation of generalizations as a flat coat of action and foresight.The encyclopedia of Social Sciences (Mc-Million) defines research as, Research refers to a critical and exhaustive investigation of experimentation having as its aim the revision of accepted conclusions in the light of new discovered facts.Where as, the word methodology is the combination of two words method which implies a particular way of doing something plus logus the Latin word which implies study thus, methodology implies a systematic way of studying something.The research method may be defined as all those methods and techniques that are used for conducting the research or search. Hence, it refers to the behavior and instrument used in selecting and conducting research techniques and research design. Some technicals, who are continuously associated with research methodology since a long, have categorized the res earch methods in three categories. They areFirst category is one where those methods are included which relates to the collection of data or information. In the second category, different statistical techniques are used for establishing relationships between variables. Where as, the third category consists of those methods which are used to evaluate the accuracy of the results obtained.Where as, Dhondyal (1994) defines research methodology as a procedure designed to the extent to which it is planned and evaluated before conducting the inquiry and the extent to which the method for making decisions is evaluated. According to C.R. Kothary (1990), research methodology is, when we talk of research methodology we not only talk of the research methods but also considers the logic behind the methods we use in the context of our research study and explains why we are using a particular method or technique and why we are not using others so that research results are assailable of being eval uated either by the researcher himself or by others.There exists large numbers of definitions in research literature defining the term research methodology. All the definitions are defined differently by different experts based on their need and requirements of their study. Few properties can be summarized as below(1) Research is a scientific process.(2) It leads towards the solution of an existing problem.(3) It directs towards the development of new principles of theories or modifies the existing literatures that will be helpful in predicting future occurrences.(4) It is based upon observable experiences or empirical evidence.(5) The process of search for new knowledge demands accurate observations and descriptions of the fact(s).(6) It involves gathering new data for new purposes.(7) It is characterized by patience and unhurried activities.(8) It is carefully preserve and reported.(9) It is the task of experts or specialists in the related discipline of the study.(10) It is an i ntellectual task.From the above derived definitions and more other such definitions that already exist in the literature, research methodology may be summarized as a way to systematically solve the research problem. Research methodology constitutes research methods used in context of research study and explanation of using of a particular method or techniques and the why other available techniques are not used. So that research results are capable of being evaluated either by the researcher him self or by other persons who have keen interest in the study area. Hence, research is a systematic approach consisting of enunciating the problem, formulating hypothesis, collecting the facts in relation to the problem, and reaching certain conclusions, either in the form of solution towards the concerned problem or in certain generalizations for some theoretical formulation.1.5 OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCHLike that of every discussion, research is also having some basic objectives. The purpose of r esearch is to discover answers to questions through the applications of scientific procedures. Young (1988) has analyzed some important objectives of research as followsNo two human beings behave equally. Human psychology is the most complicated matter to predict in the society. There are always fluctuations found in their behaviour. Hence, in order to maintain equilibrium and stability, it requires understanding the human behaviour. Thus, research helps to explore and understand human behaviour and their social life.Research helps in portraying accuracy in the characteristic of a particular individual, situation or a group in the society / organization and leads to designing the strategies of development.Test of human beings for a particular good is always changing. Thus, human nature is to search for new things. Research helps to extend, correct or verify knowledge that is either in hidden or not discovered,Two miscellanys of explanations for unexplained social phenomena,It helps in predicting the frequency with which a certain thing occurs or with which it is associated with something else.To provide new insights into organized society and its social structures.To test or challenge existing theories and revise them in the light of new evidence(s). Here existing theories are either tested or new theories are developed or are modified.To understand the organizational culture, social life, social environment, decision making process, etc., and there by to gain a greater measure of control on other human behaviour in the organizational and socially context.1.6 FEATURES OF RESEARCHEvery research has its specific features or characteristics. Some important features are cauterized belowResearch gathers or collects new knowledge or data from either primary or first hand sources and secondary or already existing sources.The process of research is systematic and accurate.Research secures experts or skilled personnels for any investigation.Research is characterized a s logical and objective, applying every possible test to verify the data collected and the process employed.There is no question of biasness in research. Research eliminates personal feelings and references from the activity. It is the process of investigating new knowledge.Research endeavors to organize data in quantities terms as far as possible.Research in some cases where the research scope is broader is time consuming.Research redlines courage and hard work, hence, it requires patience.The process of research is highly purposive and pin pointed. It generally deals with a significant problem which demands a solution.The process of research usually involves, a pre-determined step, formulation of one or more hypothesis, research design, methods of data or information collection and presentation of data and is carefully recoded order reported.1.7 FACTORS REQUIRE FOR A SCIENTIFIC/ GOOD RESEARCHA good research follows the standards of the scientific methods. Hence a research team whi le executing any research work should consider following factors carefully. offer clearly definedThe problem or the decision to be made should be clearly defined by the researcher. The decision statement should include its scope, limitations and the summer-blooming (meaning) of all words /terms that are significant to the research. The researcher should be clear about the purpose of his/her study (research) to match with the mission of his/her organization for whom the research is meant for.2. Should be based on ethicsEthics is defined as a system of moral principles or rules of behaviour. While going for study, proper care should be taken at designing the research procedure i.e., the issues related to study. Safeguards against causing mental or physical harm to participants should be considered. It should not encumber religious and sensitive norms while conducting research and interacting with the respondents. For example, if the researcher has keen interest to know the behaviour of a particular group of people who are affected by HIV+. Now while interacting with these people, the researcher should ask questions very carefully in a simpler manner without causing any harm to their sentiments.3. Research design/methodologies should clear and plannedThe research should also have clear understanding about the objective of the study. In other words, the nature of data required, the behaviour of the respondents, the procedure of data collection, sample coverage, methods of data collection, models to be used, computer software to be implemented etc., should be explained clearly.4. The Researcher should be a skilled expertThe person involved in the research should be an expert in the concerned field of study. He/She should be clear about the procedure, objectives, methodologies and techniques of research. They should be capable fair to middling to handle the respondents. The behaviour of the researcher should be calm and saver. Necessary care should be taken in ca se where the study is based on some sensitive issues. The researcher should have a clear command on the sample area, the language, the mature of the respondents. The most important requirement is that they should have enough patience and keen interest in the study.5. Unbiased analysis of resultsThere should be no biased decision after getting the results of study. No question of sympathy, kindness, relationships, etc., should be involved in the research process. No political interferences should be there in the process of analysis of the study.For example Mr. X is doing some research work (let it be a Ph. D) under the guidance of Mr.Y and they are relative. Now, if they do the research work in normal process it may take several years and it may have some value addition in the shape of outcome of the study. But, since Mr. X is Mr. Ys relative, the basic objective of such research may be only getting a degree. Thus they will try to finish the work very early without doing a proper wor k. In such cases Mr. X may be awarded the degree but the result may not have any value addition to the existing literature.6. The conclusions should be confirmThe conclusion should be specific and to the point as per the purpose of study. The objective(s) derived and hypotheses formulated at the beginning of the study and conclusion drawn at the end of study shows the gap between What was to be done and what you performed. This helps in gap analysis. The exact findings should be represented without biasness. The validity of the conclusions should be specified.7. Scope for further researchThe research procedures used should be described in sufficient details and there should be ample scope for the other researcher for further research, if necessary. The limitations of the study should be clearly mentioned. Problem identification is the top most tasks in the process of decision-making. As it is a known fact that, solution of one problem, gives birth to a number of related other probl ems, thus, the researcher should clearly mention about the limitations of the study. The limitation may be in the form of limited or beautiful sample, less budget, less time span, parameters that have been identified are less in quantity, the study is narrow in scope, methodology chosen may be purposive, etc.1.8 TYPES OF RESEARCHResearches are of various types. It is basically categorized on the nature of work. Professor R. Panneerselvam has classified some important types of research as follows1. preliminary ResearchExploratory research is the fundamental one and is of an initial research type which the researcher carried out at the initial stage of study. In other words, here the researcher analyses the data and explores the possibility of obtaining as many relationships as possible between different variables without knowing their end-applications. A general study is conducted without having any specific objective(s) of study. Here a number of hypotheses are developed for an ex isting problem.There are three sources from which exploratory research develops in the mind of a researcher. They are survey of literature, experience survey and study of existing case(s).a. Survey of LiteratureThe very beginning phase of searching a problem is the survey of literature. Survey of literature is the study, involves collection of available literatures in the required area of research where the researcher has limited experience, and critical examination and comparison of the above materials is needed for better understanding of the concept. This research also helps the researchers to update with the past data, data sources and results, which are useful for related researcher in future. Some examples of survey of literature are searching a problem from available journals, books, periodicals, reports published by different government and non-government agencies etc.b. Experience SurveyExperience survey gathers the experiences of skilled specialists in terms of their skill , expertise and knowledge. Hence this survey is the survey of experiences of experts/specialists in a particular field which acts as a data base for future research. These expertises have been developed over a period of time or through some other related studies. Some of the examples of the experience survey are materials planning, demand forecasting, man power planning, union / state government budget analysis, investment decisions analyzing the employment and unemployment situation etc.c. Study of case(s)This is a special kind of study oriented to have insight into research topics. This kind of study is mainly case study oriented. It lays emphasis on reviewing the available real story cases in the literature. Based on the available real case histories, a researcher can proceed in his/her own research study. Two real case stories which are based on effective service facility provided by two multinational companies to gain customer loyalty are analysed in Box-1.2 and Box-1.3 below.B ox-1.2 IFBs Home DemoIFB Industries Limited has been adopting the strategy of home demo to build a good will among its customers. Mr. Satyanarayan has purchased a micro-oven of this company in the month of November, 2008. soon after the purchase, one sales manager came to him to his house and explained the couple about a number of operations of the microwave with live demos. He has spent more than 20 minutes with the couple and made them aware about a number of functions, instructions, procedures regarding the handling of micro-wave with life demos. This is how IFB is attracting the customer by providing them some service satisfactions at their door step.By identifying such more real life experiences, the researchers can develop some new studies based on the similar line.Box-1.3 Whirlpools Marketing Research StrategyWhirlpool of India Limited is giving considerable emphasis on marketing research. The company strategy shows that it believes in planning research in advance. Even thou gh this process seems to be difficult in reality, but for achieving its objective, the company is maintaining complete